The Short and Long-term Impact of International Migration on Human Capital Formation of the Left Behind

This paper examines the short and long-term impact of international migration on overall human capital formation as well as the quality of human capital formation of the left behind households in the community of origin. Exploiting a unique migration policy, we find that the time passed since the migration event took place could affect the human capital formation of the left behind households differently. Furthermore, we find that international migration could also impact overall human capital as well as the quality of human capital formation differently.In particular, we do not find any impact of short and long-term international migration on the overall human capital formation of the left-behind household members. However, we find that households with long-term migrants are more likely to switch from a lower quality of education and substituting it with a higher quality of education of the left behind household members

Why is the Vaccination Rate Low in India?

India has had an established universal immunization program since 1985 and immunization services are available for free in healthcare facilities. Despite this, India has one of the lowest vaccination rates globally and contributes to the largest pool of under-vaccinated children in the world. Why is the vaccination rate low in India? This paper explores the importance of historical events in shaping India's current vaccination practices. We examine India's aggressive family planning program implemented during the period of emergency rule in the 1970s, under which millions of individuals were sterilized. We find that greater exposure to the forced sterilization policy has had negative effects on the current vaccination rate. We explore the mechanism and find that institutional delivery and antenatal care are low in states where policy exposure is high. Finally, we examine the consequence of lower vaccination suggesting that child mortality is currently high in states with greater sterilization exposure. Together, the evidence suggests that the forced sterilization policy has had a persistent effect on health-seeking behavior in India

Understanding the Puzzle of Primary Health-care Use: Evidence from India

In India, households' use of primary health-care services presents a puzzle. Even though most private health-care providers have no formal medical qualifications, a significant fraction of households use fee-charging private health-care services, which are not covered by insurance. Although the absence of public health-care providers could partially explain the high use of the private sector, this cannot be the only explanation. The private share of health-care use is even higher in markets where qualified doctors offer free care through public clinics; despite this free service, the majority of health-care visits are made to providers with no formal medical qualifications. This paper examines the reasons for the existence of this puzzle in India. Combining contemporary household-level data with archival records, I examine the aggressive family planning program implemented during the emergency rule in the 1970s and explore whether the coercion, disinformation, and carelessness involved in implementing the program could partly explain the puzzle. Exploiting the timing of the emergency rule, state-level variation in the number of sterilizations, and an instrumental variable approach, I show that the states heavily affected by the sterilization policy have a lower level of public health-care usage today. I demonstrate the mechanism for this practice by showing that the states heavily affected by forced sterilizations have a lower level of confidence in government hospitals and doctors and a higher level of confidence in private hospitals and doctors in providing good treatment.Comment: 58 pages, 8 figures, 18 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2103.0290

Understanding Vaccine Hesitancy: Empirical Evidence from India

Considering the current state of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of universal vaccination is widely recognized. As vaccines are generally administered for infectious and communicable diseases, there is a greater need to improve vaccination uptake worldwide to achieve the level of herd immunity and limit the spread of diseases. Despite these facts, millions of individuals, including children, are reluctant to get vaccinated. Why does such a paradoxical situation exist?In this paper, we study this puzzle considering India as a case study—which contributes to the largest pool of under-vaccinated children in the world and about one-third of all vaccinepreventable deaths globally. We present evidence that government policies implemented in the past can have persistent adverse impacts on demand for health-seeking behavior, even if the burden is exceedingly high. We examine the Indian government’s forced sterilization policy implemented in 1976–77 and document that the current vaccination completion rate is low in places where forced sterilization was high. As a consequence, we also present evidence that states more exposed to forced sterilization have higher child mortality today.As the potential for transmission of infectious diseases will increase as countries globalize,our results have implications for policymakers and practitioners to understand the factors affecting the lower vaccination puzzle to carve out a pragmatic policy and maximize the uptake of current and future vaccines

The Legacy of Authoritarianism in a Democracy

Recent democratic backsliding and the rise of authoritarian regimes around the world have rekindled interest in understanding the causes and consequences of authoritarian rule in democracies. In this paper, I study the long-run political consequences of authoritarianism in the context of India, the world’s largest democracy.Utilizing the unexpected timing of the authoritarian rule imposed in the 1970s and the variation in a draconian policy implemented during this period, I document a sharp decline in the share of the then incumbent party’s, the Indian National Congress, votes and the probability of its candidates winning in subsequent elections. The decline in the incumbent party’s political dominance was not at the expense of a lower voter turnout rate. Instead, a sharp rise in the number of opposition candidates contesting for election in subsequent years played an important role. Finally, I examine the enduring consequences, revealing that confidence in politicians remains low in states where the draconian policy was high. Together, the evidence suggests that authoritarianism in a democracy has a persistent effect on voting behavior, political representation, and confidence in institutions

Understanding the Puzzle of Healthcare Use: Evidence from India

In India, households’ use of healthcare services is a puzzle. The puzzle is as follows. Even though most private healthcare providers have no formal medical qualifications, a significant fraction of households uses fee-charging private healthcare services, which are not covered by insurance.While the absence of public healthcare providers could, in part, explain the high use of the private sector, this cannot be the only explanation. The private share of primary healthcare use is higher even in the market with a qualified doctor offering free care through public clinics, and still majority of primary healthcare visits are made to providers with no formal medical qualification.This paper examines the reasons for the existence of such a puzzle in India. Combining contemporary household-level data with archival records, I examine the aggressive family planning program implemented during the emergency rule in the 1970s and explore whether the coercion, disinformation, and carelessness under which the program was undertaken could partly explain the puzzle. Exploiting the timing of emergency rule, state-level variation in the number of sterilizations, and an IV approach, I show that the states heavily affected by sterilization policy have a lower level of public healthcare usage today. I also provide the mechanism for this practice showing that the states heavily affected by forced sterilization have a lower level of confidence towards the government hospitals and doctors and a higher level of confidence towards private hospitals and doctors in providing good treatment

Political Outcomes and Institutional Trust in the Aftermath of an Emergency

The world has been in the grip of a democratic recession and authoritarian regimes and autocratic rules are on the rise. The recent responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have further exacerbated the situation undermining democratic rule in many countries. For example, to curb the spread of the coronavirus, governments, including democratic nations, implemented policies limiting individual human rights, such as lockdowns, travel restrictions, and mandatory closures of establishments.In the short term, the effects are quite clear. However, the long-term effects of these emergency/authoritarian measures are unclear because we do not have sufficient data.In this project, I examine the long-term effect of such a state of authoritarian emergency rule. I consider India, the world\u27s largest democracy, as a case study. The short-term emergency rule implemented in India between 1975 and 1977 serves as a historical example to analyze the lasting effects of such measures.My main finding is that the emergency rule has had a first-order impact on the decline of the political dominance of the then-incumbent party. The emergency rule can explain as much as a 28-percentage point drop in the incumbent candidates\u27 probability of winning elections in subsequent years. Finally, I examine the enduring consequences, revealing that the present-day trust in politicians remains low in places where the emergency measures were high.Overall, this project sheds light on the long-term effects of the implementation of authoritarian rule undermining democracy and human rights, contributing to our understanding of the ways in which such measures can shape political attitudes and affect trust. The findings of this study will be of significant interest to academics, policymakers, and individuals engaged in the ongoing debate regarding the balance between emergency measures and democratic governance

Does National Diversity Increase Team Performance? Evidence from a Sports Labor Market in India

In this report, I present the results of research conducted as a part of Research Project entitled “Empirical analysis of the impact of organizational diversity of performance” during the Fiscal Year 2019. The main objective of this project was to empirically analyze the impact of national diversity on team performance.As the movement of people is common these days, national diversity in the workforce is currently seen everywhere in the world. For example, CEOs of famous companies such as Apple, Google, and PepsiCo are foreign-born executives. Similarly, more than half of the IT professionals in the Silicon Valley in the US are born overseas. The trend towards national diversity seems to continue in the future due to numerous social issues and policy changes in various countries. For example, the Japanese government amended its policy towards accepting more migrant workers to work in Japan corresponding to the decline in the labor force population and labor shortage in various sectors. Furthermore, as the movement of people tends to increase due to various political and social upheavals such as; the refugee crisis in Myanmar and in the Middle East, civil wars and conflicts in Africa, diversity in the workforce will increase as these migrants assimilate into the society. It is, therefore, necessary to examine how such changes would affect the performance of an organization.In order to conduct empirical research, this research analyzed the dataset from a sports labor market in India. I concentrated on sports industry as the sports statistics are much more detailed and accurate than typical microdata samples such as Census or various survey dataset.In particular, I empirically examined the impact of national diversity on team performance from Indian Premier League (IPL), the largest cricket league in the world. I concentrate on the sports of cricket as we have various kinds of performance as our outcome variable. In some performance, communication along with skill plays a vital role whereas in others communication is minimum. In this way, we can measure the mechanism behind difference in performance. Furthermore, I concentrate on IPL as all teams are governed by standardized rules of competition that could eliminate unobservable factors that would affect the power of the study.Considering more than 1000 team level diversity and performance indicators, I tried to answer the following three questions. Does more diversity of a workforce increase team performance (intra-horizontal diversity)? Does a more diverse team succeed if it is competing against a less diverse team (inter-horizontal diversity)? Does a team perform better if the leader is from majority group (vertical diversity)?From the empirical analysis, I did not find any statistically significant relationship between intra-horizontal diversity and team performance. Performance is unaffected by the higher intra horizontal diversity of a team. However, I found a positive and statistically significant relationship between inter-team horizontal diversity and performance where communication is low. And finally, I found a negative and statistically significant relationship between vertical diversity and the overall performance of a team. The results suggest that performance is negatively affected by the vertical diversity of a team. Finally, I provide various important policy implications as well as limitations of this research.I am grateful to the Asian Growth research Institute (AGI) for its financial support of this research. I am grateful to Masaru Sasaki, Fumio Ohtake, Nobuyoshi Kikuchi, Hideo Owan, Kawaguchi Daiji, and other participants of the Labor Economics Conference in Japan for their valuable comments. I am solely responsible for all remaining errors, contents, and opinions expressed in this paper

FAMINE AND WEALTH INEQUALITY

Discussions around the growing difference in wealth, as well as its distribution, has gained prominent attention recently. What are the possible causes that could potentially contribute to the difference in wealth and its distribution? In this paper, we propose a novel reason, i.e., famine. We combine contemporary individual-level wealth data with historical data on famine severity in China and show that exposure to famine has a negative effect on the wealth of individuals born during this period. We further pursue a number of strategies to determine whether the relation we uncover is, in fact, causal

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis