Fire risk assessment and cable selection for enduser substations

This paper examines the issues related to fire risk assessment in end-users substations. Fires in substations may be caused by electrical faults, overvoltages, lack of maintenance, etc. It is crucial that fires be confined within the substation, and not propagate into the adjacent environment, where their effects may put at risk personnel, as well as other properties. To reduce this risk of propagation, the choice of cables and the related wiring methods are crucial; in addition, the characteristics of cable chases that route cables from the substation to adjacent rooms is very important. IEEE and IEC fire protection standards for end-user substations are herein discussed, with emphasis on the criteria used to properly select cables for their specific conditions of use and to limit the risk of fires

Pre-post changes in 50 kHz impedance parameters for stimulated and sham-stimulated limbs.

<p>Note reductions in all 3 parameters with stimulation. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).</p

The Architectural Development of the Castle in Světlá nad Sázavou

Bachelor work addresses construction history of the Castle in Světlá nad Sázavou. Describes in detail eventful history of preserved building, defines exterior of outer and courtyard frontispieces as well as castle grounds; interior of all rooms through all four floors up to close details including foremost valuable parget decorations. Introduces construction history of the building itself and surrounding gardens, defines historic and contemporary artistic values of the castle. Specifies most valuable details as well as blunt adaptations in 20th century. Integral part of the work is extensive photo documentation of individual rooms and described details, floor plans of historic and actual layout. Keywords architecture, castle, construction history, parget decorations, Světlá nad Sázavo

Schematic of study design.

<p>Schematic of study design.</p

Electrical Impedance Myography to Detect the Effects of Electrical Muscle Stimulation in Wild Type and <i>Mdx</i> Mice - Fig 2

Post-stimulation/sham-stimulation and change in limb girth (a and b) and post-stimulation differences for muscle weight (c). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p< 0.001.</p

Examples of the qualitative differences in the time courses of isometric twitches induced by the treatment (data in Table 1).

<p><i>In situ</i> contraction force of the gastrocnemius muscle. Colors: gray, untreated; black, RAP-031. Groups: solid line, wild-type mice; dashed line, muscular dystrophy mice.</p

Wild-type (wt) and muscular distrophy (mdx) mice body mass (A); muscle mass (B); and optimal length (C, S1 Table).

<p>The horizontal bars are the mean and standard error of the mean. Colors: gray dots, untreated; black dots, RAP−031. ** <i>p</i> < 0.01, *** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Wild-type (wt) and muscular dystrophy (mdx) Cole impedance parameters: central frequency ω^c/2π (kHz) and resistance ratio R^0/R^∞ (dimensionless).

<p>The estimated parameters and their standard errors are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140521#pone.0140521.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p

Wild-type (wt, A) and muscular distrophy (mdx, B) myofiber cross-sectional area distribution plot (1300 and 1800 myofibers respectively).

<p>WT normal distribution mean <math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo></mrow></math> and spread <math><mrow><mi>s</mi><mo>^</mo></mrow></math> parameters: <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, untreated</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, untreated</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2387</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>29</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, untreated</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, untreated</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>719</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>21</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, RAP-031</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, RAP-031</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2597</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>35</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>s</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, RAP-031</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>s</mi><mo>^</mo>WT, RAP-031</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>918</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>25</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m². MDX inverse normal distribution mean <i>μ</i> and shape <i>λ</i> parameters: <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, untreated</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, untreated</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1795</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>56</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>λ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, untreated</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, untreated</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2273</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>114</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, RAP-031</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, RAP-031</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2018</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>58</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m², <math><mrow><msub><mi>λ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, RAP-031</msub><mo>±</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mo>^</mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX, RAP-031</msub></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2460</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>110</mn></mrow></math><i>μ</i>m². In detail, the distribution of the estimated mean values <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>WT</msub></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msub><mi>μ</mi><mo>^</mo>MDX</msub></mrow></math> (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140521#pone.0140521.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>). The horizontal bars are the mean and standard error of the mean. Colors: gray dots, solid black line and gray bars, untreated; black dots, dashed black line and white bars, RAP−031. (C) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastrocnemius. The scale bar indicates 100 <i>μ</i>m (40X magnification).</p

Twitch measures.

<p>Mean and standard error of the mean.</p