206 research outputs found

    Analisis Pendapatan USAha Ikan Mas Sistem Keramba Jaring Apung dan Pemasarannya di Kabupaten Simalungun

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    This research was aimed at estimating the level of earnings and efficiency obtained by farmer of goldfish with floating net cage system and to investigating the form of marketing channel from floating net cage system from Kelurahan Haranggaol to consumer in Kabanjahe Kabupaten Karo. This research executed in Kelurahan Haranggaol, Kecamatan Haranggaol Horisan, Kabupaten Simalungun, North Sumatera. Fourty samples of goldfish farmer with floating net cage system were slected using simple random sampling method. R/C ratio marjin marketing analysis were used to answer the research purposes. Research resulted farmer carred Rp 107.461.246,06 per season or with R/C ratio of 1,83. The marketing channel from Kelurahan Haranggaol to consumer in Kabanjahe is identified one channel pattern, that is, compiler merchant to dealers on Kabanjahe and than to Consumer in Kabanjahe. The marjin of marketing is equal to Rp 900 at merchant of compiler and Rp 1.850 at dealer.Total of marketing marjin is equal to Rp 2.750

    Perbandingan Metode Penetapan Kadar Simetidin Menggunakan Spektrofotometri Uv Dan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi

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    Determination ofdrug substance is one of the drug quality control to ensure the safetyof drug. Determination of cimetidine could use UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The aim ofthis study were to validate the methode using two instruments, to compare both of the method and to apply it intablet dosage forms. Determination of cimetidin using UV spectrophotometry was set on wave length 219 nm. Determination using HPLC with coloumn C18 and mobile phase mixture of methanol: water-phosphoric acid (30:70, v/v), flow rateat 1mL/min and UV detector. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity and sensivity. The method of determination of cimetidine using both instruments were campared by analysis of variant. Validation method using UV spectrophotometry showed precision of 0.94%, recovery from 97.50 to 100.91%, good linearity, LOD 0.76 µg/mL and LOQ 2.52µg/mL.Validation using HPLC method resulted value of precision 0.30%, recovery from 98.42 to 101.83%, good linearity, LOD and LOQ of 0.46 and 0.56 µg/mL. The average concentration of cimetidine in tablets by spectrophotometry UV was 101.95%, while in HPLC was 99.69%.The methods accomplied to the requirements according The Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition IV. Both methods provided the same results and did not significantly different

    Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanolik Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia) Dengan Metode Dpph (1,1-difenil-2- Pikrilhidrazil)

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    Citrus aurantifolia is known contains flavonoid compound and high Vitamin C. One of theeffects of flavonoid and Vitamin C are antioxidant. This research aims to knowing the antioxidantactivity of citrus aurantifolia etanolic extract by using the DPPH (1, 1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) methodand to knowing the active compound that containing whithin.The research was done by making level series of citrus aurantifolia etanolic extract, they were10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml. As a standard of comparison was used vitamin C with concentrations 1, 2, 4and 8 μg/ml. As a blank was used DPPH 0,1 mM. The antioxidant activity test was done by the DPPHmethod. The achieved data was counted to know it's antioxidant activity. The statistical analysis wasused T-Test. To know IC50 (Inhibition Concentration)50 was used the probit analysis and to know it'sactive compound content was done an identification with TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography).The result of the research shows that etanolic extract of citrus aurantifolia has antioxidantactivity IC50 about 54,458 μg/ml and 4,768 μg/ml for vitamin C. The statistical test result of antioxidantactivity shows that there is no any significant difference. The TLC result shows that compoundcontained in etanolic extract of citrus aurantifolia are flavonoid and Vitamin C

    Perbandingan Kadar Sukrosa Dalam Madu Randu Dan Madu Kelengkeng Dari Peternak Lebah Dan Madu Perdagangan Di Kota Semarang

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    Key words: cottonwoods honey, longan honey, sucrose, KCKT Honey is a natural liquid that generally has a sweet taste and produced by the bees. Along with the increase in consumption of honey, honey adulteration grew a way to get the benefits. Sucrose sugar often added because its price is relative cheap. The content of sucrose become a measurement of the authenticity of honey. The spurious honey harm consumers because of different composition so that its benefits are also different.The purpose of this research is to determine the sucrose content and the quantitation of sucrose in longan honey and honey cottonwoods from beekeepers and honey trade in the City of Semarang using HPLC.Honey samples were taken randomized with three sample of cottonwoods and three longan honey from beekeepers area in Ngaliyan, Gringsing dan Ambarawa and honey trade in the City of Semarang. The determination of sucrose using HPLC system (Waters ec 2695) equipped with C18 column (C18 5um Sunfire; 4.6 x150mm) and detector UV (UV/Visible Waters 2489) at wavelength 190 nm. Mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and aquabides (75:25, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.Research results showed that the average content of sucrose in honey samples cottonwoods and longan honey from beekeepers respectively 4,03% dan 2,98%, while the average level for the sample of cottonwoods and longan honey trade in the City of Semarang respectively 2,11% and 2,59%. The average level of sucrose from twelve samples meet requirements but the there are two samples that does not comply requirement of honey based on SNI-2004. There was no significant difference between the levels of sucrose honey cottonwoods and honey longan from beekeepers and honey trade in the City of Semarang

    Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus Atcc 25923, Escherichia Coli Atcc 25922, Dan Salmonella Typhi Atcc 1408

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    Jatropha curcas L is a plant species that can be used for curing, since it contains flavonoid, saponin, and tanin. Jatropha multifida L is proved to have antibacterial activities (Sisunandar, et.al., 2002). This research was intended to find out the antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L leaves on bacteria Staphylococus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi, find out the effectiveness of those antibacterial activities and identify the compound groups contained in the ethanol extracts, the result of antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Jatropha curcas L was analized by statistic. Employing a maceration method, Jatropha curcas L leaves were extracted using ethanol 70% for five days. Employing an agar-diffusion method aided by disk papers and in order to find out the inhibitory area diameters of the extracts, the extracts were then tested for their antibacterial activities. Qualitative analysis on the chemical contents of the extracts were conducted employing. TLC method aided by silica-gel stationary phases for saponin and tanin and cellulose phases for flavonoid. The motion phases used ethyl acetat-acidformiat-acid acetat-water for flavonoid, chloroform-methanol for saponin and buthanol-acid acetat-water for tanin. The result of the test on antibacterial activities were analyzed statistically using Kruskall Wallis and Mann & Whitney tests. The analysis showed that ethanol extracts of the Jatropha curcas L leaves inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but not the growth of Eschericia coli and Salmonella typhi. The testing concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% b/v produed inhibitory area diameters averaging 8.25, 9.25, 11.00, 13.25, and 19.00 mm respectively. The positive control of Ampicillin produced an average inhibitory area diameters of 40.00 mm while the solvent control did not produce any inhibitory area diameters. Statistical test showed that there were significant differences among the different concentrations of the extracts.Thin Layer Chromatography tests produced yellow color showing the existence of flavonoid, bluish violet color showing the existence of saponin, and grayish green color showing the existence of tanin

    Evaluasi Kandungan Vitamin Cdalam Madu Randu Dan Madu Kelengkeng Dari Peternak Lebah Dan Madu Perdagangan Di Kota Semarang

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    Key words: vitamin C, cottonwoods honey, longan honey, HPLC Honey is a natural product that containing several vitamins, including vitamin C, which has an important role to maintain health, among others helps healing wound, increase body resistance fight infection and as antioxidant. This research aimed to determine the levels of vitamin C in the cottonwoods honey and longan honey from beekeepers and honey trade in the city of Semarang using HPLC.Samples consisted of three samples of honey and three cottonwoods honey and longan honey from beekeepers different (Ambarawa, Ngaliyan, Gringsing) and honey trade in the city of Semarang. HPLC (waters ec 2695) operational conditions is equipped stationary phase C18 column (C18 5um sunfire; 4.6 X150 mm), and the mobile phase is a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 3.6 and acetonitrile with the ratio 70: 30, v / v, flow rate of 0.5 ml / min. Detection use UV detector (UV / vis water in 2489) at 260 nm wavelength.Research results show ed that the average levels of vitamin C in the cottonwoods honey from beekeepers and honey cottonwoods trade in the city of Semarang are 0,034% and 0,016%, while for longan honey respectively 0,027% and 0,032%. The average level of the twelve samples of honey contain vitamin C, but there are two samples that does not contain vitamin C. There was no significant difference between the levels of vitamin C and cottonwoods honey and longan honey from beekeepers and honey trade in the City of Semarang

    Perbandingan Metode Spektrofotometri Ultraviolet (Uv) Dan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (Kckt) Pada Penetapan Kadar Natrium Diklofenak

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    Beberapa metode analisis telah dikembangkan untuk menentukan kadar natrium diklofenak, diantaranya dengan metode spektrofotometri UV dan KCKT (Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi). Metode spektrofotometri UV dan KCKT masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kadar natrium diklofenak secara spektrofotometri UV dan KCKT dalam hal ketepatan, ketelitian dan sensitivitas. Penetapan kadar natrium diklofenak dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri UV dengan melakukan penentuan panjang gelombang maksimal, penentuan operating time, pembuatan kurva baku, pengukuran serapan sampel, perhitungan kadar natrium diklofenak dalam sampel. Sedangkan metode KCKT dengan melakukan optimasi instrumen dan optimasi fase gerak, identifikasi natrium diklofenak dalam sampel, pembuatan kurva baku, pengamatan kromatogram sampel, perhitungan kadar natrium diklofenak dalam sampel. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah aquabidestilata dan fase gerak yang digunakan adalah campuran asetonitril dan buffer fosfat 0,01 M pH 3,5. Sedangkan fase diam yang digunakan adalah Oktadesil Silikat (ODS) C18 (4,6x150mm). Data kadar yang diperoleh dari masing-masing metode dibandingkan ketepatan, ketelitian dan sensitivitas dari dua metode tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar rata-rata natrium diklofenak secara Spektrofotometri UV adalah 17,9 µg/ml. Sedangkan secara KCKT adalah 17,3 µg/ml. Kadar rata-rata natrium diklofenak dalam sampel secara spektrofotometri UV dan KCKT memenuhi persyaratan Farmakope Indonesia yaitu memiliki nilai rekoveri yang masih dalam range 90,0 % -110 % dan memiliki nilai CV < 5%. Akan tetapi metode KCKT memiliki sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode Spektrofotometri UV

    Uji Kandungan Bakteri Escherichia Coli Pada Air Minum Isi Ulang Dari Depot Air Minum Isi Ulang Di Kabupaten Rembang Testing of Escherichia Coli Bacteria Content in Drinking Water Refill From Drinking Water Refill Depot in Rembang Sub-district

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    Water refill is water that has through purification processes both Ultraviolet and ionization, by many stages of filtration to obtain clean water, in order to provide human needs. This research performed by Athena, et.al., (2003) to shows that Total Coli and Escherichia coli in high-enough amounts inside water refill from water refill depot (DAMIU) in Jakarta, Tangerang, and Bekasi. There are many efforts related with this water refill that causes DAMIU developed rapidly, so that required monitoring improvement because water is the primary needs of human being. This research aims to identify Escherichia coli bacteria content that exist in drinking water of water refill from DAMIU in Rembang Sub district. This research is survey type, equipped with microbiology test using MPN method (Most Probable Number). The populations are 25 DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. Data analysis performed descriptively. Test, conducted by water refill sampling, which produced by DAMIU in Rembang sub-district. The testing includes: approximation test using Lactosa Broth (LB) medium, confirmation test using Briliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) medium, complementary test using Mc. Conkey medium and Gram painting was performed to identify bacteria types using microscope by 100 times magnification, and Biochemistry test that is IMVIC (Indol, Methyl-Red, Voges Proskauer, and Citrat). In water refill which produced by DAMIU in Rembang Sub district, there is 1 sample (4%) with MPN value of E. coli 13/100 ml and Coliform MPN 21/100 ml, does not fulfill the bacteriology requirements of drinking water quality, according to Health Minister Decree No.907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 : ³The existence of E.Coli bacteria 0/100 ml sample´, while 24 samples has fulfill the requirements, with MPN value of E.Coli and Coliform < 2, so that it safe and ready to consume

    Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Kloroform Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella Asiatica (L) Urb) Serta Identifikasi Senyawa Aktifnya

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    Penyakit infeksi merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat dan terus berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dalam dunia kesehatan. Ekstrak etanol pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urb) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang lebih baik daripada ekstrak petroleum eter dan air (Jagtap et al., 2009). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya aktivitas antibakteri fraksi kloroform dari ekstrak etanol pegagan terhadap bakteri Gram positif (S. aureus dan B. subtilis) dan Gram negatif (E. coli, P. aeruginosa dan S. typhi), mengetahui besarnya aktivitas antibakteri dari fraksi kloroform tersebut dan mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa yang terkandung dalam fraksi tersebut. Ekstrak etanol pegagan diperoleh dengan menyari simplisia menggunakan penyari etanol 96% secara sokletasi, lalu diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak tersebut kemudian difraksinasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksan dan kloroform. Fraksi kloroform yang diperoleh diuapkan hingga kekentalan sekitar 300 cps kemudian dilarutkan dalam DMSO, konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 2063; 1031,5; 515,7; 257,8; 128,9 µg/disk. Aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan secara difusi agar, identifikasi senyawa aktif menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Fraksi kloroform memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap B. Subtilis dan P.aeruginosa, tetapi tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, E. coli dan S. typhi. Fraksi kloroform tersebut dapat menghambat B. subtilis pada konsentrasi 257,8; 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 7,50; 7,86; 8,63; 9,76 mm, sedangkan P.aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 515,7; 1031,5; 2063 µg/disk dengan DDH berturut-turut sebesar 8,10; 9,10; 10,20 mm. Fraksi kloroform tersebut mengandung senyawa fenol dan terpenoid
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