Prospects of microalgal biodiesel production in Pakistan – a review

Biodiesel is an alternative, renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly fuel for transportation, with properties like petroleum-derived diesel, and can be used directly in a compression ignition engine without any modifications. The world's fossil fuel and crude oil reserves are going to dry up in the next few decades, but, contrariwise, an attractive, high quality, readily available and economically extractable oil from microalgae is a substitute feedstock to produce alternative biodiesel fuel for the transportation sector in the future. Microalgae have a higher biomass productivity (tons/hectare/year) and lipid yield (kg/kg of algal biomass) as compared to vegetable oil crops. To overcome the problem of energy deficiency in developing countries, like Pakistan, and boost their economic growth, alternative fuels are proving very important for environment-friendly and sustainable development, especially in the last few decades. Different research studies on microalgae cultivation, characterization of microalgae oil (lipids), and evaluations of its socio-economic feasibility to produce renewable biodiesel have been conducted in the past in Pakistan for its future prospects. This review paper includes the overall summary and compilation of the microalgae research conducted in Pakistan on biodiesel production and includes the algal biodiesel production cost analysis. The studies showed promising results for harnessing microalgae and using its lipids to produce biodiesel with favourable properties that were comparable to the conventional diesel in Pakistan. The information related to the microalgae research will help stakeholders and governmental organisations working in the renewable energy sector to consider its cultivation on a large scale, using waste water as a feedstock to produce biodiesel to meet the target set by the Government of Pakistan of using 10% blended biodiesel by the year 2025 in Pakistan

Age-related cardiovascular response to tilt test in healthy volunteers of both sexes

This study aimed to assess the age-related changes in the cardiovascular response to tilt test in 90 healthy individuals of both sexes (age range: 18-60 years). Tilting was done at 600 for 10 min using a motorized tilt table. The blood pressure was recorded by a sphygmomanometer. The heart rate and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation were measured by a pulse oximeter. In males, significantly lesser changes in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were observed in the old age (47-60 years) than the young (18-32 years) and middle age (33-46 years) groups. Significantly lesser responses in the heart rate and systolic blood pressure change were observed in the old age females compared to young age after tilting. The rise of diastolic blood pressure after tilting was lesser in the old age female compared to both young and middle-age females. In conclusion, the aging process is associated with attenuated cardiovascular response to tilt test in both males and females

La actitud de los estudiantes hacia la biología en las escuelas secundarias de Islamabad, Pakistán

In this age of science and technology, the world is facing geographical challenges, whereasthe future nation builders are losing their interest even in science subjects, especially, inbiology. There are numerous factors that contributed towards students’ success in a particularsubject but the most important one is their attitude towards that subject. The focus of thepresent study was to investigate the attitude of students towards Biology in SecondarySchools in Islamabad. The population of this study comprised all 10th grade Biology studentsin different institutions in Islamabad. Owing to the shortage of time, the researcher selected506 students (from six public and four private schools) as a convenience sample for this study.These students were administered through a valid and reliable instrument known as “BiologyAttitude Scale” (BAS) developed by the researcher. The study used a 5-point Likert type scaleto measure students’ attitude towards Biology on seven dimensions: “Interest in Biology”,“Career in Biology”, “Importance of Biology”, “Biology Teacher”, “Difficulty in Biology”,“Equipment use in Biology” and “Methodology of Biology”. Students’ attitude toward Biologywas analyzed by using the mean score of an individual statement. The findings of the studyrevealed that overall students showed a positive attitude towards Biology. Female studentsexhibited a positive attitude as compared to male students. Similarly, students in publicschools showed a positive attitude toward students of private schools.En esta era de la ciencia y la tecnología, el mundo enfrenta desafíos geográficos, mientras que los futuros constructores de naciones están perdiendo su interés incluso en temas de ciencias, especialmente en biología. Existen numerosos factores que contribuyeron al éxito de los estudiantes en un tema en particular, pero el más importante es su actitud hacia ese tema. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la actitud de los estudiantes hacia la biología en las escuelas secundarias de Islamabad. La población de este estudio comprendió a todos los estudiantes de biología de 10º grado en diferentes instituciones en Islamabad. Debido a la escasez de tiempo, el investigador seleccionó a 506 estudiantes (de seis escuelas públicas y cuatro privadas) como muestra de conveniencia para este estudio. Estos estudiantes fueron administrados a través de un instrumento válido y confiable conocido como "Biology Attitude Scale" (BAS) desarrollado por el investigador. El estudio utilizó una escala tipo Likert de 5 puntos para medir la actitud de los estudiantes hacia la biología en siete dimensiones: "Interés en biología", "Carrera en biología", "Importancia de la biología", "Profesor de biología", "Dificultad en biología", "Uso de equipos en biología" y "Metodología de la biología". La actitud de los estudiantes hacia la biología se analizó utilizando el puntaje promedio de una declaración individual. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que los estudiantes en general mostraron una actitud positiva hacia la biología. Las estudiantes exhibieron una actitud positiva en comparación con los estudiantes varones. Del mismo modo, los estudiantes en las escuelas públicas mostraron una actitud positiva hacia los estudiantes de las escuelas privadas

Low voltage electric system modeling and simulation

Abstract The automotive vehicle production industry has become a huge business nowadays. The vehicle market is intense and the competition is hard. Every supplier wants to give their best product and maintenance solution to the vast amount of customers who are eagerly waiting for upgrade versions and new inventions of vehicles. So, a lot of research has been going on in the vehicle industry to provide a comfortable driving and travelling experience to the end user. These research works generally comprise a lot of experi ments that require a good amount of time and money. In order to make the experiments faster, easier, and cost-effective it is a good idea to use a soft ware based model. With this software model, the initial feasibility test can be done, and then the finally passed model from the feasibility test can be developed for further practical improvement. So, in this way combination of both the software and practical model will ultimately speed up the research work and make the process more easier and cost-effective. The goal of this thesis report is to develop a software-based model for industrial and marine vehicles. In this thesis report, the low voltage auxiliary power transmission system of a basic marine vehicle (mainly used for cruise) is investigated. Such a vehicle generally contains an alternator, a battery, and loads (lights, air con ditioning system, driving control system, emergency system, etc.) The main parts of an auxiliary system like the alternator and battery are thoroughly investigated to develop an equivalent model of them that can be applicable in MATLAB SIMULINK software. After developing the model for each part they interlinked with each other. Then finally the results are compared with the practical output

TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE DELIVERY THROUGH BIG DATA IN HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE TRENDS

This systematic review investigates the transformative role of big data technologies in biomedical research, analyzing 40 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2023. The review specifically explores advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS), multi-omics approaches, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI), all of which have significantly enhanced the understanding of complex biological systems and diseases. NGS has emerged as a key tool in personalized medicine, enabling rapid and cost-effective genome sequencing that has facilitated the identification of genetic mutations and biomarkers associated with various diseases, particularly in oncology. Of the 40 studies reviewed, 12 focused on the integration of multi-omics data—genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—to provide a comprehensive view of biological processes. These multi-omics approaches have been instrumental in identifying biomarkers for disease progression and response to treatments, offering new avenues for drug development and precision medicine. Additionally, 15 studies highlighted the growing application of machine learning and AI algorithms in managing and analyzing vast biomedical datasets. These tools are now critical in uncovering hidden patterns within large datasets, predicting disease outcomes, and improving the accuracy of clinical decision-making. However, 10 studies emphasized ongoing challenges related to data storage, privacy concerns, and the lack of standardized data formats, which hinder effective data sharing across institutions. Despite these challenges, the integration of AI, IoT devices, and big data analytics is paving the way for more personalized, real-time healthcare monitoring and treatment solutions. This review concludes that while significant advancements have been made, further efforts are required to address the ethical and technical barriers that limit the full potential of big data technologies in biomedical research. &nbsp

A cytogenic monitoring approach of hospital workers occuptionally exposed to ionizing radiations using micronucleus assay

Background: The objective of this study was to determine chromosomal damage in occupational workers of the radiation department from three different hospitals, Faisalabad, Pakistan exposed for a long term to ionizing radiations using micronucles (MN) assay. A comparison between exposed and non-exposed subjects (controlled) of same age exhibited a significant an increase in the number of micronuclei in occupational workers. MN frequency increases with an increase in age and duration of exposure in both sexes but higher in females.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the District Head Quarter Hospital (DHQ), Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINUM) and Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The total 145 subjects were selected from these hospitals. The subjects were divided into two groups. The control group (N= 40) (20 males and 20 females) of healthy subjects (no exposure) and the second group of subjects (N=105) (68 males and 37 females) subjects of occupational workers who were indirectly exposed to radiation. Blood samples (2ml) were collected in sodium heparinised vaccutainer tubes through venipuncture from both the groups. Disposable syringes were used for this purpose. For the evaluation of MN yield, slides were prepared by following the method of Jorge et al. (2004).Results: A significant difference in micro nuclear induction was observed between the occupational subjects and the control subjects and as well as in females and in males (P < 0.01). Females are more vulnerable to ionizing radiation than males. In females, MN yield was two times higher than males. MN frequency was increased with an increase in age and duration of exposure in both sexes, but higher in females and may be due to an increase in chromosomal loss in hospital workers. There is an individual response to the physical noxa, depending on sex, age and exposure. Smoking and drinking habits do not have a significant effect in increasing the number of MN in occupationally exposed workers.Conclusion: It was concluded that females are more vulnerable to ionizing radiations than males. MN test can be used as a biomarker with a predictive value for the estimation in occupationally exposed subjects.Key Words: Radiations; Hospital workers; Sex; Micronucleus assay; Chromosomal damag

Economics of shifting land from field crops to hog plum (Spondias mombin L.) cultivation in southern Bangladesh

The study was carried out to analyse the economics of shifting land from field crops to hog plum cultivation in southern Bangladesh during July to September 2018. A total of 120 farmers were selected by using multistage stratified random sampling technique to collect primary data. Result of the study shows that the per hectare average total cost of hog plum cultivation was Tk. 94,126. The average yield of hog plum was 7.97 t ha-1. Net return from hog plum cultivation was Tk. 126,921 per hectare. By cultivating hog plum, farmers obtained 56 to 93% higher net return than the other existing cropping patterns. Since the BCR (2.94), NPV (Tk. 2215,000) and IRR (59%) were very high, the land shifting decision towards hog plum cultivation was sensible. However, BCR was very low in the initial stages of hog plum plantation. Initial investment support from public or private sector could facilitate the growth of this cultivation practice. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 155-163, December 202

Incidence and etiology of omphalitis in Pakistan: a community-based cohort study

Introduction: Although omphalitis (umbilical infections) among newborns is common and a major cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries, information on its burden and etiology from community settings is lacking. This study aimed to determine the incidence and etiology of omphalitis in newborns in high neonatal mortality settings in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Trained community health workers surveyed all new births in three low-income areas from September 2004 to August 2007. Pus samples from the umbilical stumps were obtained from babies with pre-defined signs of illness and subjected to culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: Among 6904 births, 1501 (21.7%) newborns were diagnosed with omphalitis. Of these, 325 (21.6%) were classified as mild, 1042 (69.4%) as moderate, and 134 (8.9%) as severe, 141 (9.3%) were associated with clinical signs of sepsis. The incidence of omphalitis was 217.4/1000 live births, moderate-severe omphalitis 170.3 per 1000 live births, and associated with sepsis 20.4 per 1000 live births. Of 853 infants with purulent umbilical discharge, 64% yielded 583 isolates. The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, of which 291 (95.7%) were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 13 (4.2%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes 105 (18%), Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci 59 (10 %), Pseudomonas spp., 52 (8.9 %), Aeromonas spp. 19 (3.2%), and Klebsiella spp. 12 (2%). Conclusions: A high burden of omphalitis can be associated with sepsis among newborns in low-income communities in Pakistan. S. aureus is the most common pathogen isolated from umbilical pus. Appropriate low-cost prevention strategies need to be implemented

Effect of estradiol valerate on endometrial thickness in polycystic ovary syndrome having ovulation induction with letrozole

Background: PCOS is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Letrozole is an orally active aromatase inhibitor and as effective as chlomiphene citrate for induction of ovulation. Estrogen is important in the regeneration and growth of the endometrium prior to ovulation prepare the tissue to respond to progesterone post ovulation in PCOS patients. Aim of the study was to assess the effects of estradiol valerate on endometrial thickness in PCOS having ovulation induction with letrozole. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted in the department of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, BSMMU, Dhaka, with 1 year duration. A total 80 diagnosed cases of PCOS patients with subfertility were included in this study. Among them 40 patients received letrozole and estradiol valerate and 40 patients received letrozole and placebo. Results: On day 8, mean endometrial thickness was not statistically significant between two groups (p=0.436). On day of triggering, mean endometrial thickness was significantly higher in intervention group 9.2±1.4 mm than control group 8.2±1.4 mm (p=0.004). Mean changes of endometrial thickness on day of triggering compared with on day 8 was significantly higher in intervention group 3.2±1.5 mm than control group 2.5±1.6 mm (p=0.043). Pregnancy rate was higher in intervention group 13 (38.2%) than control group 8 (22.2%) with relative risk 1.72, 95% CI (0.82-3.63%), that was not statistically significant between two groups (p=0.144). Conclusions: Mean changes of endometrial thickness on day of triggering were significantly higher in intervention group than control group. The pregnancy rate achieved with letrozole+estradiol valerate combination was higher than that achieved with letrozole and placebo group

Clomiphene citrate prevents premature luteinization in stimulated intrauterine insemination cycles

Background: Approximately 13-36% of ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination cycles are complicated by premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist has been traditionally used to prevent a premature LH surge and premature luteinization in ovarian stimulation cycles. Clomiphene citrate, which competitively inhibits estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, may be used to prevent premature luteinization and premature LH surge in ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). The objective was to compare the effects of clomiphene citrate with placebo on prevention of premature luteinization in ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination cycles. Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2022. A total of 76 participants had ovarian stimulation with tab letrozole and injection r-FSH. Transvaginal ultrasound for folliculometry was done from day 8 onwards as needed. When the leading follicle was at least 14 mm, women were randomly assigned to clomiphene citrate group (n=38) or placebo group (n=38). They were given clomiphene citrate 150 mg or placebo daily up to the day of trigger. Premature LH surge and premature luteinization were assessed on the day of trigger. Results: Premature luteinization was significantly lower in patients given clomiphene citrate compared to women given placebo (16.7% versus 47.1%, p<0.01). Premature LH surge was also lower in participants given clomiphene citrate but the difference was not statistically significant (47.2% versus 52.9%, p<0.811). Pregnancy rate with clomiphene citrate was higher (11.1% versus 2.9%) than that with placebo. Conclusions: The addition of clomiphene citrate to gonadotropins in mid to late follicular period decreases the risk of premature luteinization and improves pregnancy rate