Performance in the odor detection task.

<p>A: In the buried pellet test (bpt), tg mice at 6 m old showed a longer latency to find the pellet than wt mice, and the time got much longer when they grew up to 10 m old. 3 m old: wt n = 15, tg n = 15; 6 m old: wt n = 15, tg n = 15; 10 m old: wt n = 10, tg n = 17. * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, tg vs wt. B: All the animals performed well in the visual pellet test (vpt). No significant difference was found in the visual pellet test between wt and tg mice. 3 m old: wt n = 15, tg n = 15; 6 m old: wt n = 15, tg n = 15; 10 m old: wt n = 10, tg n = 17. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Comparison of the genomic responses in <i>A. thaliana</i> after treatment with HIPVs and leafminer feeding.

<p>Comparison of the genomic responses in <i>A. thaliana</i> after treatment with HIPVs and leafminer feeding.</p

Odor memory test.

<p>Tg mice at 10 m old seem to spend slightly more time than age-matched wt mice at all intervals on an odor encountered before, but the statistical analysis showed no significant difference between tg (n = 16) and wt (n = 9) controls. The ratios of trial 2/trial 1 were squared, expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Odor habituation and discrimination on a non-social scent.

<p>A, B and C: As trials progressed, all mice spent gradually reduced time on contacting with a non-social odor. 3 m old: wt n = 3, tg n = 3; 6 m old: wt n = 4, tg n = 4; 10 m old: wt n = 3, tg n = 4. ** p<0.01, trial-5 (T5) vs trial-1 (T1). No significant difference of contacting time in trial-5 was present between wt and tg mice. D, E and F: At 3 m old, both wt and tg mice spent more time on a novel scent (trial-6) than the familiar scent (trial-5). However, at 6 m and 10 m old, tg mice did not sniff the novel scent (trial-6) more than the familiar scent (trial-5). * p< 0.05, time on novel scent vs familiar scent. ΔΔ p< 0.01, tg vs wt on novel scent. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Responses of wild-type as well as <i>coi1-2</i> and <i>ein2-1</i> mutant <i>A. thaliana</i> to the volatiles.

<p>Expression patterns of 37 selected genes in the wild-type as well as <i>coi1-2</i> and <i>ein2-1</i> mutant <i>A. thaliana</i> plants after 24 or 48 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans are shown. (A) Response of wild-type <i>A. thaliana</i> after 24 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans. (B) Response of wild-type <i>A. thaliana</i> after 48 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans. (C) Response of <i>coi1-2 A. thaliana</i> after 24 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans. (D) Response of <i>coi1-2 A. thaliana</i> after 48 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans. (E) Response of <i>ein2-1 A. thaliana</i> after 24 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans. (F) Response of <i>ein2-1 A. thaliana</i> after 48 h of treatment with volatiles from leafminer-infested Lima beans.</p

Social scent discrimination.

<p>Both wt and tg mice spent more time on a block with other mouse’s scent than the block carrying its own scent. 3 m old: wt n = 3, tg n = 3; 6 m old: wt n = 3, tg n = 3; 10 m old: wt n = 3, tg n = 4. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, time on novel scent vs own scent. ΔΔ p< 0.01, tg vs wt on novel scent. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Expression levels of αSyn and phosphorylated αSyn (ser129) in brains of wt and tg mice at 10 m old.

<p>A, B: Tg mice expressed more αSyn and phosphorylated αSyn (p-αSyn) in frontal cortex than wt mice (n = 3 per group). ** p< 0.01, tg vs wt. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by Student’s t-test. C, D: Compared to wt littermates, tg mice showed much higher αSyn and p-αSyn in different tissues of brain including the striatum, frontal cortex, OB, hippocampus and piriform cortex. ** p<0.01, tg vs wt. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Str: striatum; cot: frontal cortex; OB, olfactory bulb; hip: hippocampus; pir: piriform cortex.</p

EasyGO analysis of the genes up-regulated in <i>A. thaliana</i> after 24 h of volatile treatment.

<p>The right panel lists gene information for the six innate immune response genes evaluated. Red, response to ET; blue, response to JA.</p

Increased DAergic neurons and TH level in OB of tg mice.

<p>A and B: TH⁺ neurons were increased in glomerular layer of OB in tg mice (n = 4) at 10 m old than wt littermates (n = 4). ** p<0.01, tg vs wt. Scale bar: 30 μm. Arrows indicate the TH⁺ cells. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by Student’s t-test. C and D: Higher TH protein level was found in OB of tg mice (n = 5 in each age group) after 6 m old than wt mice (n = 5 in each age group). * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, tg vs wt. The quantitative data were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA.</p

Transcriptional responses of <i>A. thaliana</i> to Lima bean volatiles after 24 h and 48 h of treatment.

<p>(A) Cluster analysis of the regulated genes in <i>A. thaliana</i> primed by volatiles from second instar larvae-damaged Lima beans. (B) GO enrichment analysis showing the differential expression of genes in <i>A. thaliana</i> (<i>p</i><0.01). Values higher than zero on the <i>y</i>-axis refer to up-regulated genes, whereas those lower than zero refer to down-regulated ones. The GO terms were chosen at the third level.</p