THE DYNAMICS IN THE RECOGNITION OF CUSTOMARY JUSTICE IN THE POLITICS OF LAW OF THE JUDICIARY IN INDONESIA

ABSTRACTThis study aims at discussing the dynamics of the legal recognition of customary justice in politics of law of the judicial power in Indonesia. In accordance with the nature of the analysis, namely, the normative legal analysis, the approach used in this study is the statute approach completed with historical and futuristic approach of the law. The study results show that the recognition of customary justice in the politics of law in Indonesia has been dynamic along with the change of government. In the colonial time of the Dutch East Indies  government, there were two forms of customary justice formally recognized, namely, the indigenous justice ( inheemsche rechtspraak ) and the village justice ( dorpjustitie ).These conditions remained prevailing at the time of the Japanese occupation and in the early days of Indonesian independence. In 1951, the existence of customary courts were abolished gradually and brought an end in 1970 in which the existence of the formal justice system of out-of-the state court- settlement was not allowed anymore. The customary courts abolished in 1951 were indigenous justice (inheemsche rechtspraak) while the existence of village justice (dorpjustitie) continued to berecognized. In the  Judicial Power Act of 2009 applied at present, there is no provision which gives recognition of customary justice, but in the laws governing special autonomy for Papua Province - a province in eastern Indonesia – the existence of customary court is explicitly recognized . From the program of national legislation in the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia, it is known that in the future it seems customary justice will be recognized nationally by legislation governing the unity of customary law societyKeywords: customary justice, the unity of customary law society, politics of law

Implikasi Keputusan Menteri ATR/Kepala BPN Nomor 276/KEP-19.2/X/2017 Terhadap Kedudukan Tanah Milik Desa Pakraman

On 2017, Minister of Agrarian Affair and Spatial/Head of National Land Agency of Indonesia enacted a decision that point desa pakraman on Bali Province as communal owner right subject of the land. That decision was causing a certain implication that important to study. This research was aimed to discuss implication of those decisions on the position of land owned by desa pakraman in Bali. This research was carried out through a normative legal study method with using statute approach, conceptual approach, and historical approach. On behalfs of discussion of a problem, this research use source on a form of legal material (primary and secondary) and non-legal material. After going through discussion and analysis, finally, it can be concluded that the Minister’s Decision above can have both positive and negative implication on the position of desa pakraman’s land in Bali. The positive implication has happened because that decision can give legal certainty and certainty of right on a position of desa pakraman’s land (tanah druwe desa). On the flipside, the application of that Minister’s Decision can have negative implication if desa pakraman’s lands that were been given to a member of desa pakraman (krama desa), which were tanah pekarangan desa and tanah ayahan desa, were registered as owned individually by the member of desa pakraman. Tahun 2017 Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Republik Indonesia mengeluarkan keputusan yang menunjuk desa pakraman di Provinsi Bali sebagai subyek hak pemilikan bersama (komunal) atas tanah. Keputusan Menteri itu menimbulkan implikasi tertentu yang penting diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas implikasi Keputusan Menteri di atas terhadap kedudukan tanah milik desa pakraman di Bali. Penelitian dilakukan melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), dan pendekatan historis (historical approach). Untuk kepentingan pembahasan masalah, dalam penelitian ini digunakan sumber-sumber  penelitian berupa bahan hukum (primer dan sekunder) dan bahan-bahan non-hukum. Setelah melalui pembahasan dan analisis, akhirnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa Keputusan Menteri di atas dapat berimplikasi positif dan negatif terhadap kedudukan tanah milik desa pakraman di Bali. Implikasi positif terjadi karena Keputusan Menteri tersebut dapat memberikan kepastian hukum dan kepastian hak terhadap kedudukan tanah milik desa pakraman (tanah druwe desa). Di sisi lain, pelaksanaan Keputusan Menteri tersebut dapat berimplikasi negatif apabila tanah-tanah milik desa pakraman yang telah diserahkan pengelolaannya kepada perseorangan anggota desa pakraman (krama desa), yaitu tanah pekarangan desa dan tanah ayahan desa, didaftarkan atas nama  perseorangan anggota desa pakraman

The Control of Spatial Utilization in the Tourism Areas Oriented to Public Welfare and Justice

The rapid development of tourism in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, is a challenge in controlling and utilizing spaces. The establishment of local protected areas (sacred areas, borders, green open spaces), as part of protected areas through the Regional Regulation of Bali Province Number 16 of 2009, is considered unfair by a group people because it delimits the utilization of property rights to land in the area. As a result, numerous violations occur in spatial regulations in tourism areas, especially in the areas designated as protected areas. This study aims to find, discover and formulate a model for controlling the spatial utilization in tourism area that is oriented towards justice and welfare of the community. The research method used in this study is normative legal research method supported with statute approach and conceptual approach. The research materials used included primary legal materials and secondary legal material collected through note-taking technique. The analysis of the legal materials was carried out qualitatively assisted with reasoning and legal argumentation techniques. The results are then presented descriptively.Based on the presentation of the results of the research and the discussion, it can be concluded that the ideal model of the spatial utilization and control comprises the model that is based on the concept of bioregionalism, that is to say, the concept of developing and fulfilling the living needs through adjusting the ecosystem of local communities by preserving and fostering the ecosystem to support the life of the economy. The model encompasses the concept of fusion within the control of the spatial utilization by not damaging the existing ecosystem environment, and on the other hand, economically the community is not harmed in meeting their needs and welfare. The model is also in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 letter h of Law Number 32 of 2009, which stipulates that the environmental protection and management is carried out based on the principle of ecoregion, in that, the environmental protection and management shall consider the characteristics of the natural resources, ecosystems, geographical conditions, the culture of the local community, and the local wisdom. Keywords: Control of Spatial Utilization; Sustainable Development, Public Justice and Welfare DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/87-05 Publication date:July 31st 201

Polygamy in Papua Traditional Marriage Reviewed from Marriage Laws

This paper aims to examine and analyze the juridical problems in the implementation of polygamy in Papuan traditional marriages which are established according to customary law. This research was conducted on Papuan customary communities in Sentani, Central Sentani District (Hobong Village) and West Sentani District (Doyo Village). The data were collected by means of interviews, and the data were analyzed through qualitative analysis. The results showed that the implementation of polygamy marriage in indigenous Papuan/Sentani communities carried out by Ondoafi / Ondofolo who as leaders in customary communities is not in accordance with the provisions in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. The Marriage Law is based on monogamy, but still provides concessions for those whose religions allow them to practice polygamy with fairly strict conditions. The requirements for polygamy in the Marriage Laws are set aside by Ondofolo who practices polygamy, the consent of the first wife is not required. By setting aside the requirements in the Marriage Laws for polygamy, there will be a negative impact on the polygamous marriage, namely that the marriage is not recorded or is illegitimate, resulting in children born in the marriage to become illegitimate children. The disharmony between customary law and national law (Marriage Laws) in terms of polygamous marriage among indigenous Papuans results in no sense of justice in the household. Lack of socialization regarding the Marriage Laws as a National Law to indigenous Papuans has resulted in a lack of legal awareness and resulting in minimal legal compliance. Keywords: Papuan Traditional Marriage - Marriage Law. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/103-09 Publication date: November 30th 202

Indigenous People Between Recognition and Disclaimer of Legal Pluralism Perspective

This article aims to examine the ethical and unethical perspectives behind the recognition and abandonment of indigenous people by the state, the influence of morality and legal awareness on indigenous people of the dichotomy between recognition and neglect in tourism development. Normative research method with a statutory approach. Supported by primary and secondary legal materials as well as legal hermeneutic analysis techniques. The results of the study show that neglect of indigenous people is considered unethical because it can lead to injustice, on the contrary it is ethical if the recognition of indigenous people is accommodated in the substance of the Regional Regulation. Legal morality can fortify everyone to do good, including local governments and indigenous people. Subjective legal awareness has implications for neglect, so it is necessary to build objective legal awareness that provides space for recognition of indigenous people in reorganizing the regulation of Article 26 paragraph (2) of the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 2 of 2012 which is ambiguous by incorporating the substance of the obligations of indigenous people and local governments in managing tourist area with local regulations based on semi-autonomous legal pluralism

Subak Landscape Management as a Justice and Welfare Oriented World Cultural Heritage

This study aims to examine and analyze the juridical problems in the subak landscape management as a world cultural heritage. The juridical problems are related to the selection of subak landscape as a World Cultural Heritage. The conflicts are related to the regulations found in the Regional Government Regulation, Act on Cultural Heritage and Bali Governor’s Regulations Number 32 Year 2010. There are philosophical problems which are related to the stipulation of subak landscape as a world cultural heritage. There are also juridical problems which are related to the juridical foundation, specifically the one set forth in the Regional Government Law. It regulates that this world heritage is managed by the central government. This will lead to negligence particularly over the aspects of philosophical values ​​of Tri Hita Karana. UNESCO has confirmed that the foundation of subak is the philosophical values ​​of Tri Hita Karana. However, philosophical and juridical problems surely have impacts on sociological problems and in the end they will have impacts on the aspects of justice and welfare of subak community. Even though Tri Hita Karana has been clearly stated as the foundation of subak, it seems that there is a sociological imbalance because the people feel that they no longer freely manage their lands that they have inherited from their ancestors. The appointment of subak landscape as a world cultural heritage gives benefits, but surely with challenges and threats, to the farmers. They have two choices all of which do not accommodate their interests, they have to either defend their fields or give up their rights to their rice fields. This study investigates legal norms aspect of this matter and therefore, it is classified into normative legal study. The norms that are the objects of the study include the constitution, laws, government regulations, regional regulations, and others. The approaches used in this study are statute approach and conceptual approach so as to know the consistency and accordance of one law with another law or one law with the Constitution. Keywords: Harmonization of law, Regulation, Customary community rights, Natural resource

Di Balik Prevalensi Perkawinan Usia Anak Yang Menggelisahkan: Hukum Negara Versus Hukum Adat

Perkawinan adalah suatu peristiwa hukum sehingga diyakini ada aspek hukum yang berpengaruh terhadap masih tingginya prevalensi perkawinan usia anak di Indonesia, termasuk Bali. Hukum perkawinan yang berlaku bagi masyarakat adat di Bali bersifat pluralistik sebab berlaku lebih dari satu sistem hukum dalam lapangan sosial yang sama, yaitu sistem hukum negara (hukum perkawinan nasional) dan sistem hukum adat (hukum adat Bali). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaturan perkawinan usia anak dalam dua sistem hukum tersebut, apakah sinkron atau tidak. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Penelitian ini mengandalkan data sekunder, baik yang berupa bahan hukum (primer dan sekunder) maupun bahan non-hukum, yang dikumpulkan melalui penelusuran literatur. Analisis  dilakukan dengan teknik-teknik penalaran dan argumentasi hukum, seperti penafsiran dan konstruksi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kesesuaian pengaturan perkawinan usia anak dalam sistem hukum di Indonesia, baik dalam lingkup internal hukum negara maupun dalam dikotomi hukum negara dan hukum adat (Bali). Itu sebabnya ada kebutuhan perlunya sinkronisasi hukum untuk dapat mengakhiri atau setidaknya mengurangi praktik-praktik perkawinan usia anak di Indonesia

PENGARUH IDEOLOGI GENDER TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN HAK WARIS PEREMPUAN BALI

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji  perubahan ideologi gender  yang terjadi dalam masyarakat dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan hukum adat Bali, terutama yang menyangkut hak waris perempuan. Kajian didasarkan pada hasil penelitan kepustakaan (doktriner) dengan pendekatan konseptual, historis dan futuristik hukum. Hasil kajian menyimpulkan bahwa telah terjadi perubahan ideologi gender dalam masyarakat. Perubahan ideologi gender dalam masyarakat adat Bali, terutama yang terjadi dikalangan intelektual dan tokoh-tokoh adat, menyebabkan lahirnya Keputusan Pasamuan Agung  III Majelis Utama  Desa Pakraman (MUDP) Bali Tahun 2010 yang mengangkat derajat dan harkat perempuan Bali di bidang pewarisan, di mana diputuskan bahwa perempuan dalam batas-batas tertentu berhak atas harta peninggalan orang tuanya This article aiming to review the change of gender ideology that happened on the society and its influence on development of Balinese customary law, especially that concerning women’s inheritance. The review based on result of literary research with conceptual, historical, and futuristic legal approach. The review result concluded that there is already a change on gender ideology of society. The change of gender ideology on Balinese customary society, especially that happened on intellectuals and custom’s important figures, had causing the birth of Majelis Utama Desa Pakraman (MUDP) Third Pasamuan Agung of 2010 Decree that lifted Balinese women’s dignity on inheritance, which decreed that women in certain limit have right on their parent’s inheritance

ASPEK-ASPEK HUKUM KELUARGA DALAM AWIG-AWIG DESA PAKRAMAN

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aspek-aspek hukum keluarga dalam peraturan-peraturan hukum yang dibuat oleh kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat desa pakraman di Bali. Peraturan-peraturan tersebut lazim disebut awig-awig desa pakraman. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap sembilan awig-awig desa pakraman yang mewakili seluruh kabupaten/kota yang ada di Provinsi Bali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek-aspek hukum keluarga diatur dalam awig-awig desa pakraman dalam satu bab khusus yang berjudul: Sukerta Tata Pawongan. Bab ini mengatur hubungan antara sesama manusia khususnya kehidupan bersama dalam keluarga.  Aspek-aspek hukum yang diatur dalam bab ini meliputi: (1) prihal perkawinan (indik pawiwahan), (2) prihal perceraian (indik nyapian), (3) prihal anak keturunan (indik sentana), dan (prihal pewarisan (indik warisan)