Test properties of the Kato-Katz methods and ELISA as estimated by Bayesian analysis.

*<p>CI, credibility intervals.</p

Comparison of the Kato-Katz methods and ELISA for diagnosis <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> infection in Heilongjiang Province.

<p>The Kappa value between the two methods was 0.564, <i>P</i><0.001.</p

Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection in different age group by Kato-Katz and ELISA examinations.

<p>Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection in different age group by Kato-Katz and ELISA examinations.</p

Flowchart for the diagnosis of 2359 patients.

<p>KK = Kato-Katz technique.</p

Regional distribution of <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> infection in Heilongjiang Province by Kato-Katz and ELISA examinations.

<p>A. by Kato-Katz B. by ELISA.</p

Values of priors and corresponding beta distributions used to estimate the test parameters in the diagnosis of <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i>.

<p>Se = sensitivity.</p><p>Sp = specificity.</p

Prevalence of clonorchiasis in different patient populations.

<p>A. Gender. B. History of treatment. C. Environment. D. Occupation. E. Habit of eating raw fish. F. Season. <b>*</b>P<0.05, compared at the same time point of prevalence of <i>Clonorchis sinensis</i> infection in different patient populations. ﹟P<0.05, 2009 vs 2012, 2010 vs 2012, 2011 vs 2012; †p<0.05, 2009 vs 2012, 2010 vs 2012; § p<0.05, 2010 vs 2012, 2011 vs 2012; ☆p<0.05, 2011 vs 2012; ¶ p<0.05, 2009vs 2011, 2010 vs 2011; ‡p<0.05, 2010 vs 2011; ＆p<0.05, 2010vs 2009, 2011 vs 2009; ※p<0.05, 2010vs 2009, 2012vs 2009.</p

Image_3_Comparative analysis of bile metabolic profile in patients with biliary obstruction complicated by Clonorchis sinensis infection.tif

BackgroundClonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. However, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) cannot be detected in feces during biliary obstruction. Moreover, many diseases can cause biliary obstruction, such as gallstones, adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to distinguish between patients of biliary obstruction and biliary obstruction with C. sinensis infection.MethodsA total of 48 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 23 infected with C. sinensis (C. sinensis) (OB+C.s) and 25 non-infected subjects (OB). The bile samples were collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, bile amino acid levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis.ResultA total of 146 and 132 significant metabolites were identified in electrospray ionization (ESI)+ and ESI− modes, respectively. The levels of amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, ornithine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were significantly changed. Targeted analysis showed that the levels of amino acids (such as L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-lysine, L-propionic, and L-tyrosine) were lower in OB+C.s patients compared to those in OB patients. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in “Glutathione metabolism”, “Caffeine metabolism”, “Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism”, “Arginine and proline metabolism”, “Purine metabolism”, “Beta-Alanine metabolism”, and “D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism”.ConclusionThese results show that there were significant differences between OB+C.s and OB patients, especially in amino acids. The metabolic signature and perturbations in metabolic pathways may help to better distinguish OB+C.s and OB patients.</p

Image_2_Comparative analysis of bile metabolic profile in patients with biliary obstruction complicated by Clonorchis sinensis infection.tif

BackgroundClonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. However, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) cannot be detected in feces during biliary obstruction. Moreover, many diseases can cause biliary obstruction, such as gallstones, adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to distinguish between patients of biliary obstruction and biliary obstruction with C. sinensis infection.MethodsA total of 48 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 23 infected with C. sinensis (C. sinensis) (OB+C.s) and 25 non-infected subjects (OB). The bile samples were collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, bile amino acid levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis.ResultA total of 146 and 132 significant metabolites were identified in electrospray ionization (ESI)+ and ESI− modes, respectively. The levels of amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, ornithine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were significantly changed. Targeted analysis showed that the levels of amino acids (such as L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-lysine, L-propionic, and L-tyrosine) were lower in OB+C.s patients compared to those in OB patients. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in “Glutathione metabolism”, “Caffeine metabolism”, “Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism”, “Arginine and proline metabolism”, “Purine metabolism”, “Beta-Alanine metabolism”, and “D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism”.ConclusionThese results show that there were significant differences between OB+C.s and OB patients, especially in amino acids. The metabolic signature and perturbations in metabolic pathways may help to better distinguish OB+C.s and OB patients.</p

Table_1_Comparative analysis of bile metabolic profile in patients with biliary obstruction complicated by Clonorchis sinensis infection.xlsx

BackgroundClonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. However, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) cannot be detected in feces during biliary obstruction. Moreover, many diseases can cause biliary obstruction, such as gallstones, adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to distinguish between patients of biliary obstruction and biliary obstruction with C. sinensis infection.MethodsA total of 48 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 23 infected with C. sinensis (C. sinensis) (OB+C.s) and 25 non-infected subjects (OB). The bile samples were collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, bile amino acid levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis.ResultA total of 146 and 132 significant metabolites were identified in electrospray ionization (ESI)+ and ESI− modes, respectively. The levels of amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, ornithine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were significantly changed. Targeted analysis showed that the levels of amino acids (such as L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-lysine, L-propionic, and L-tyrosine) were lower in OB+C.s patients compared to those in OB patients. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in “Glutathione metabolism”, “Caffeine metabolism”, “Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism”, “Arginine and proline metabolism”, “Purine metabolism”, “Beta-Alanine metabolism”, and “D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism”.ConclusionThese results show that there were significant differences between OB+C.s and OB patients, especially in amino acids. The metabolic signature and perturbations in metabolic pathways may help to better distinguish OB+C.s and OB patients.</p