Enforcement of Forum-Selection Clauses in Federal Court After \u3cem\u3eAtlantic Marine\u3c/em\u3e

Forum-selection clauses are important agreements that limit exposure to risk of litigation in an undesired locale. The enforcement of forum-selection clauses in the U.S. federal court system was not always certain, but today, such agreements are broadly considered enforceable. Courts, however, are split as to whether such clauses are governed by state or federal law and as to the proper procedural mechanism for enforcement. Recently, in Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. U.S. District Court, the U.S. Supreme Court made strides toward resolving these disagreements among lower courts. This Note explores the history of enforcement of forum-selection clauses in federal court and articulates the legal complexities that remain in the wake of Atlantic Marine. It argues that Atlantic Marine implicitly resolved the choice-of-law split in favor of applying state substantive law to determine a forum clause’s validity and federal procedural law to determine its enforceability. To effectuate this implicit resolution, this Note proposes that courts engage in a two-step analysis in evaluating motions to enforce forum-selection clauses and that litigants bring such motions under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), 12(c), or 56

Ultrahigh Pressure Capillary Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics and Lipidomics

Metabolites and lipids are important compounds involved in various cellular processes. The comprehensive analysis of all metabolite and lipid species, termed metabolomics and lipidomics, respectively, is challenging due to the large size, chemical diversity, and concentration range of the metabolome and lipidome. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful tool for metabolomics and lipidomics due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and amenability to a broad range of compounds. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate and demonstrate improvements in capillary LC-MS based metabolomics and lipidomics primarily using custom-built chromatography instrumentation capable of operating at 35 kpsi compared to what is currently commercially available. Lipid separations were evaluated from plasma extracts using one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Use of 50 cm columns with 1.7 µm C18 particles provided up to a 95% increase in peak capacity compared to commercial limitations. We evaluated the effect of column and gradient length on the number of lipids detected from plasma and found a roughly linear relationship between peak capacity and lipids detected, illustrating the benefits of improved separation performance in lipidomic assays. An offline two-dimensional LC-MS system was developed utilizing HILIC in the first dimension to fractionate lipids from plasma based on their class, followed by re-injection on the 50 cm capillary columns. The 2D method demonstrated high orthogonality, achieved a peak capacity of approximately 1900 in 600 min, and detected roughly double the number of lipids compared to the one-dimensional work. We evaluated the potential for fast yet high efficiency metabolite separations using porous C18 particles down to 1.1 µm and pressures up to 35 kpsi. Use of these particle sizes is possible with 35 kpsi available and are useful for high throughput metabolomics measurements. Columns were evaluated using isocratic and gradient separations of standards and metabolite extracts from plasma. Peak capacities of roughly 100 – 400 were achieved in 8 – 40 min with interfacing to MS, demonstrating relatively fast and high resolution separations. We evaluated the effect of different LC-MS variables on mass spectral feature detection. Lower flow rates (down to 700 nL/min) and larger injection volumes (up to 1 µL) increased the features detected, demonstrating practical benefits for metabolomics assays. Finally, gradient LC-MS operation up to 50 kpsi is achieved and peak capacities over 1000 are demonstrated. Gradient kinetic plots were constructed to guide choice of column length, particle size, and gradient time. Use of 100 cm capillaries packed with 1.7 µm particles achieved a peak capacity of ~1000 in about 4 h. Separations at 50 kpsi are achieved but not feasible for routine use with current hardware. Instrument modifications are evaluated and discussed for routine, leak-free operation at 50 kpsi. The work described in this thesis describes approaches for improving LC-MS based metabolomics and lipidomics through improvements in separations primarily at 35 kpsi and using 1.1 – 1.7 µm particles packed in 20 – 100 cm long columns. This work illustrates practical applications of ultrahigh pressures in liquid chromatography and discusses advantages of such instrumentation in LC-MS based assays.PHDChemistryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169925/1/sorenm_1.pd

Computational Design of β-Fluorinated Morphine Derivatives for pH-specific Binding

Opioids such as morphine are important pain-relieving drugs but also carry a risk of harmful side effects including addiction. Morphine is active in both healthy and inflamed tissue, however, decreasing the pKa of the biochemically-active amine group can promote selective binding in the more acidic conditions of inflamed tissue and reduce harmful side effects associated with opioids. Herein, we explore the impact of fluorination on the pKa of fluoromorphine derivatives to identify which will bind selectively in inflamed tissue. Theoretical pKa values are determined at the M06-2X(SMD)/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory to calculate the ΔGaq role= presentation style= box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: normal; font-size: 16.2px; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; position: relative; \u3eΔGaq values for the amine deprotonation reactions

Changing Campustown

Mickey’s Irish Pub was not filled with the usual smell of stale beer and the slurred pick-up lines. Instead, its dwellers asked questions and raised concerns about the project LANE4 Property Management and the City of Ames plans to wreak on Campustown in as little as a year. Business owners crowded onto the sticky floors of the popular bar on Welch Avenue in hopes to get their questions answered and an understanding on where the LANE4 wrecking ball would be making its impression. Tim Schrum, general manager of Mickey’s, organized the meeting March 3 so Campustown business and property owners could ask questions about the future of their businesses, and they heard advice from a lawyer who was present

\u3ci\u3eInvesting in a Green Future: Universities and Renewable Energy\u3c/i\u3e

This paper explains how the implementation of renewable energy is a favorable energy choice and explores the growing trend of investing in a green economy. The report begins by providing some context as to what renewable energy is and explains why it is a favorable energy choice. The first section outlines the energy industry and deciphers between the two forms of energy currently making up the sector. Breaking up the industry into two separate sectors, being renewable energy and nonrenewable energy, provides an understanding on which form is currently dominating the market. Moreover, the outline describes the concept of investing in a green economy and illustrates an emerging trend that suggests a continuation of growth. Next, we analyze the three key drivers responsible for the expansion of this industry, further explaining why this sector is a smart investment and seeing significant growth. We provide a complete overview of both energy sectors and create an overall investment thesis and provide a portfolio analysis of a fund currently investing in renewables. The section concludes with a report on the analysis’ results and findings, confirming or disproving the created investment thesis. The paper then explores the advantages of implementing renewable energy on a college campus and describes why a college campus is a suitable venue to utilize this energy. Specifically, the section will look into three New England universities that have already begun making the transition to renewable energy. To conclude, the final section includes a case study that analyzes Bryant University\u27s current sustainability efforts, as well as the potential for implementing on-campus renewable energy sources

Measurement of the magnetic octupole susceptibility of PrV2Al20

In the electromagnetic multipole expansion, magnetic octupoles are the subsequent order of magnetic multipoles allowed in centrosymmetric systems, following the more commonly observed magnetic dipoles. As order parameters in condensed matter systems, magnetic octupoles have been experimentally elusive. In particular, the lack of simple external fields that directly couple to them makes their experimental detection challenging. Here, we demonstrate a methodology for probing the magnetic octupole susceptibility using a product of magnetic field $H_i$ and shear strain $\epsilon_{jk}$ to couple to the octupolar fluctuations, while using an adiabatic elastocaloric effect to probe the response to this composite effective field. We observe a Curie-Weiss behavior in the obtained octupolar susceptibility of \ce{PrV2Al20} up to temperatures approximately forty times the putative octupole ordering temperature. Our results demonstrate the presence of magnetic octupole fluctuations in the particular material system, and more broadly highlight how anisotropic strain can be combined with magnetic fields to formulate a versatile probe to observe otherwise elusive emergent `hidden' electronic orders.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Real-time analysis of T cell receptors in naive cells in vitro and in vivo reveals flexibility in synapse and signaling dynamics

Real-time imaging defines the dynamics of TCR and T cell motility during early T cell activation in lymph nodes

Flow fluctuations and long-range correlations: elliptic flow and beyond

These proceedings consist of a brief overview of the current understanding of collective behavior in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In particular, recent progress in understanding the implications of event-by-event fluctuations have solved important puzzles in existing data -- the "ridge" and "shoulder" phenomena of long-range two-particle correlations -- and have created an exciting opportunity to tightly constrain theoretical models with many new observables.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, Proceedings for the 22nd International Conference On Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2011), Annecy, France, May 23 - 28, 2011; includes Fig. 2 which was omitted from journal submission for lack of spac

Investigating Antimicrobial Chemicals Released from Amphibian Eggs

Undergraduate Basi

Impacts of active school design on schooltime sedentary behavior and physical activity: A pilot natural experiment

Background Children spend a significant portion of their days in sedentary behavior (SB) and on average fail to engage in adequate physical activity (PA). The school built environment may influence SB and PA, but research is limited. This natural experiment evaluated whether an elementary school designed to promote movement impacted students\u27 school-time SB and PA. Methods Accelerometers measured SB and PA at pre and post time-points in an intervention group who moved to the new school (n = 21) and in a comparison group experiencing no school environmental change (n = 20). Difference-in-difference (DD) analysis examined SB and PA outcomes in these groups. Measures were also collected post-intervention from an independent, grade-matched group of students in the new school (n = 21). Results As expected, maturational increases in SB were observed. However, DD analysis estimated that the intervention attenuated increase in SB by 81.2 ± 11.4 minutes/day (p\u3c0.001), controlling for time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The intervention was also estimated to increase daily number of breaks from SB by 23.4 ± 2.6 (p \u3c .001) and to increase light physical activity (LPA) by 67.7 ± 10.7 minutes/day (p\u3c0.001). However, the intervention decreased MVPA by 10.3 ± 2.3 minutes/day (p\u3c0.001). Results of gradematched independent samples analysis were similar, with students in the new vs. old school spending 90.5 ± 16.1 fewer minutes/day in SB, taking 21.1 ± 2.7 more breaks from SB (p\u3c0.001), and spending 64.5 ± 14.8 more minutes in LPA (p\u3c0.001), controlling for time in MVPA. Students in the new school spent 13.1 ± 2.7 fewer minutes in MVPA (p\u3c0.001) than their counterparts in the old school. Conclusions This pilot study found that active school design had beneficial effects on SB and LPA, but not on MVPA. Mixed results point to a need for active classroom design strategies to mitigate SB, and quick access from classrooms to areas permissive of high-intensity activities to promote MVPA. Integrating active design with programs/policies to promote PA may yield greatest impact on PA of all intensities