Table_1_Performance in Multi-Armed Bandit Tasks in Relation to Ambiguity-Preference Within a Learning Algorithm.pdf

<p>Ellsberg paradox in decision theory posits that people will inevitably choose a known probability of winning over an unknown probability of winning even if the known probability is low [1]. One of the prevailing theories that addresses the Ellsberg paradox is known as “ambiguity-aversion.” In this study, we investigated the properties of ambiguity-aversion in four distinct types of reinforcement learning algorithms: ucb1-tuned [2], modified ucb1-tuned, softmax [3], and tug-of-war [4, 5]. We took the following scenario as our sample, in which there were two slot machines and each machine dispenses a coin according to a probability that is generated by its own probability density function (PDF). We then investigated the choices of a learning algorithm in such multi-armed bandit tasks. There were different reactions in multi-armed bandit tasks, depending on the ambiguity-preference in the learning algorithms. Notably, we discovered a clear performance enhancement related to ambiguity-preference in a learning algorithm. Although this study does not directly address the issue of ambiguity-aversion theory highlighted in Ellsberg paradox, the differences among different learning algorithms suggest that there is room for further study regarding the Ellsberg paradox and the decision theory.</p

Random Number Generation by a Two-Dimensional Crystal of Protein Molecules

We discuss 2D and binary self-assemblies of protein molecules using apo-ferritin and holo-ferritin, which have identical outer-shell structures but different inner structures. The assemblies do not show any phase separation but form 2D monomolecular-layer crystals. Statistical analyses showed a random molecular distribution in the crystal where the molar ratio was conserved as it was in the solution. This molecular pattern is readily prepared, but it is neither reproducible nor predictable and hence can be used as a nanometer-scale cryptographic device or an identification tag

Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism

Supplementary Materials of "Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism."</p

Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism

<p>Supplementary Movie of "Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism."</p

Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism

<p>Supplementary Movie of "Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism."</p

Supplementary Movie of "Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism"

Supplementary Movie of "Remarkable Problem-Solving Ability of Unicellular Amoeboid Organism and its Mechanism"</p