Os mecanismos de democracia direta no constitucionalismo ibero-americano: análise comparada

[ES] Partiendo de un abordaje de derecho comparado, este estudio busca analizar los mecanismos de democracia establecidos en el ámbito de actual constitucionalismo latinoamericano y europeo, particularmente aquellos previstos en la constitución española de 1978, brasileña de 1988, venezolana de 1999 y ecuatoriana de 2008. Así, son exploradas diversas modalidades institucionales de participación directa de ciudadanía en el campo de las decisiones político-estatales, como el referendo, plebiscito, iniciativas populares y la revocación de mandato electivo. Se busca, en el primer plano de desarrollo del trabajo científico, encontrar similitudes o diferencias, afinidades o repulsas entre los institutos de derecho político sometidos a análisis. La tesis defendida es que la constitución brasileña de 1988, cuando comparada a sus congéneres venezolanas de 1999 y ecuatoriana de 2008, trae en su contenido un dibujo normativo conservador en términos de instrumentos de democracia directa, lo que significa decir que esos: (i) no son una vía capaz de generar bloqueos políticos (control democrático) para medidas de carácter antipopular; (ii) no constituyen potenciales salidas para amenizar crisis políticas y evitar violaciones al régimen democrático institucional; (iii) tiene gran potencial que sean utilizados de modo a implementar políticas populistas que pueden poner en riesgo derechos y garantías fundamentales; y (iv) tienen poca capacidad de generar incentivo a la construcción de una democracia de alta intensidad (participativa). Sin embargo, verificaremos que la constitución brasileña de 1988 si acerca de realidad constitucional española de 1978 en términos formales y de experiencia, aunque haya algunas distinciones importantes. Finalmente, son elaborados algunos indicativos que son llevados en cuenta en una futura revisión de ordenamiento constitucional brasileño

FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND SIMILARITY OF A CAATINGA FOREST AREA, BAHIA, BRAZIL

The present study evaluated floristic composition, similarity and the phytogeographic structuring framework of Caatinga in the Contendas do Sincorá National Forest. The climate of the region is BSwh', with annual precipitation of 500 to 700 mm and altitude between 300 and 400 m. The soil is eutrophic red-yellow ultisol. Floristic similarity was established by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. Fifty-one (51) taxa were found distributed in 20 families. The families with the largest number of genera and species were Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The classification for this physiognomy was Woody Savanna-Steppe. Floristic similarity revealed a tendency of grouping between fragments of the same state and ecoregion. Despite the history of exploitation, the floristic composition was as expected for Caatinga areas. The similarity analysis revealed that the area in question does not have a similar floristic identity to the other Caatinga areas analyzed

Gamificação: uma metodologia ativa e facilitadora no processo ensino-aprendizagem de ciências naturais e educação ambiental na perspectiva da Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade e Ambiente (CTSA)

No início da década de 1990, surge a necessidade de se implementar a discussão da relação homem-meio ambiente, a priori, em espaços formais de educação. Neste sentido, surge à educação ambiental que passa a ser discutida dentro do contexto das ciências da natureza, que assumem um papel de fundamental importância, mas esbarram na abstração e linguagem de difícil compreensão. Diante disso, surge a necessidade pela busca e implementação de metodologias ativas, inovadoras e que atendam às necessidades e expectativas da sociedade atual. Neste contexto, inúmeras ferramentas digitais vêm sendo avaliadas e aplicadas, entre as quais a gamificação por meio dos jogos digitais ou videogames. A literatura recente (2017- atual) apresenta inúmeros trabalhos que avaliaram a inclusão da gamificação nos currículos tradicionais de ensino. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir os principais resultados obtidos nos últimos seis anos (2017-atual) que utilizaram a gamificação como um recurso que auxilia nos processos de aprendizagem. Os resultados apontaram que os diferentes jogos desenvolvidos e avaliados apresentaram inúmeros resultados favoráveis para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, entre os quais: i) aumento do interesse do aluno pelo conteúdo a ser discutido; ii) a mudança da condição do discente passivo a ativo e responsável pelo seu próprio processo de aprendizagem; iii) a inserção das questões ambientais no contexto no qual se encontra inserido o aluno e; iv) a minimização da ideia de ciências “abstratas” e sem correlação com a realidade

CONCEPÇÕES ALTERNATIVAS DE CONCEITOS TERMODINÂMICOS: UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE A ESPONTANEIDADE DOS FENÔMENOS NATURAIS COM ALUNOS DOS CURSOS LICENCIATURA EM QUÍMICA

Este trabalho busca contribuir ao ensino e aprendizagem do conteúdo espontaneidade dos fenômenos naturais no Ensino Médio averiguando as concepções alternativas de alunos recém-admitidos nos cursos de Licenciatura em Química sobre a espontaneidade dos fenômenos naturais e qual o fator determinante para a ocorrência de um processo espontâneo. Através de dois questionários com questões objetivas apresentando fenômenos naturais cotidianos, aplicados em diferentes cursos de Licenciatura, foi observado que os alunos conseguem identificar com facilidade alguns fenômenos cotidianos como sendo espontâneos ou não. Entretanto, ao identificarem o fenômeno espontâneo percebe-se a utilização de um senso comum. Quando estes, apesar de terem sido aprovados em exames de seleção como o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio ou no vestibular, são questionados acerca do fator responsável pela espontaneidade do fenômeno apresentado são visualizadas as concepções alternativas dos estudantes, o que evidencia que o senso comum não foi transformado em conhecimento científico. Apenas uma pequena percentagem dos alunos investigados conseguiu identificar corretamente a energia de Gibbs como sendo o fator que pode indicar com precisão se um determinado evento ocorre ou não de forma espontânea. Assim as concepções alternativas dos alunos podem ser o passo inicial para a transformação do senso comum em conhecimento científico.This work seeks to contribute to the teaching and learning of the spontaneity content of natural phenomena in high school by investigating the alternative conceptions of students recently admitted to the undergraduate courses in chemistry on the spontaneity of Natural phenomena and what is the determinant factor for the occurrence of a spontaneous process. Through two questionnaires with objective questions presenting daily natural phenomena, applied in different undergraduate courses, it was observed that students can easily identify some everyday phenomena as being Spontaneous or not. However, by identifying the spontaneous phenomenon, the use of a common sense is perceived. When these, despite having been approved in screening exams such as the National High School examination or the vestibular, are questioned about the factor responsible for the spontaneity of the phenomenon presented are visualized the alternative conceptions of Students, which evidences that common sense has not been transformed into scientific knowledge. Only a small percentage of the students investigated were able to correctly identify the Gibbs energy as being the factor that can accurately indicate whether or not a given event occurs spontaneously. Thus, the alternative conceptions of students can be the initial step towards transforming common sense into scientific knowledge

Association of circulating levels of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT/Visfatin) and of a frequent polymorphism in the promoter of the NAMPT gene with coronary artery disease in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects

Background: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the limiting enzyme in one of pathways of synthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, a redox coenzyme. NAMPT is considered as an insulin-mimetic factor and a potential regulatory factor in inflammatory and immune processes. Associations of circulating NAMPT levels with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and insulin resistance have been reported. We investigated association of circulating NAMPT levels and the rs9770242 NAMPT gene polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods: We studied 594 Brazilian subjects undergoing a coronary angiography (49% of whom had type 2 diabetes). CAD, defined as stenosis greater than 50% in one major coronary vessel or branch, was observed in 68% of subjects. Genetic studies were also performed in 858 North-American Non-Hispanic White subjects with type 2 diabetes (49% with CAD).Results: We observed an interaction between glycemic and CAD status on the comparison of NAMPT levels by CAD status. NAMPT levels were higher in type 2 diabetic patients with CAD as compared to those without CAD: 5.27 +/- 2.93 ng/ml vs. 4.43 +/- 2.94 ng/ml, p = 0.006 (mean +/- SD). NAMPT levels were not significantly different in non-diabetic subjects with or without CAD. the T-allele of rs9770242 was associated with CAD in the Brazilian cohort (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.06 - 2.01, p = 0.02) while no association was observed in the North-American cohort.Conclusions: Our data suggest that circulating NAMPT levels are associated with CAD in type 2 diabetic patients. NAMPT rs9770242 polymorphism may be associated with CAD in some populations.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Ctr Diabet, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilCEDEBA, BR-41820000 Salvador, BA, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Cardiol Unit, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilJoslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, Boston, MA 02215 USAUniv Paris 07, INSERM, Res Unit 695, F-75018 Paris, FranceFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Ctr Diabet, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Cardiol Unit, BR-04039002 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2008/10209-6Web of Scienc

Soil-Cement Bricks as an Alternative for Glass Waste Disposal

Glass can be recycled an infinite number of times. However, the reverse logistics of bottles, flasks, packaging and others is not always economically feasible, and landfill disposal is widespread in Brazil. The reuse of glass waste is an alternative to recycling, hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the production conditions of soil-cement-glass bricks. The use of glass waste occurred in two ways, one with a cement substitute (glass powder) and another with a soil substitute (crushed glass), in the manufacturing of soil-cement bricks. The results indicated that the glass powder was ineffective in replacing cement. On the other hand, the incorporation of crushed glass significantly improved the mechanical resistance in the specimens. The soil-cement-glass bricks (mass composed of 45% soil, 45% ground glass and 10% cement) molded in conventional and alternative forms showed resistance to the compression established by standards at 14 and 7 days, respectively. This study demonstrated that bricks produced with crushed glass have advantages from the environmental and technical points of view, contributing to the sustainability of the industrial and civil construction sectors

Impacto de ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos na produção de mudas de cafeeiro / Impact of humic and fulvic acids on the production of coffee seedlings

O cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) está entre as culturas mais importantes para o agronegócio brasileiro, pois o País vem se comportando como maior produtor e exportador mundial. Dentro da cadeia produtiva, a produção de mudas é considerada uma das etapas mais delicadas. Assim, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito do ácido fúlvico e do ácido húmico na produção de mudas de cafeeiro. O experimento foi composto por três tratamentos, os quais consistiram pelo fornecimento de: a) ácido fúlvico; b) ácido húmico e; c) água (testemunha). O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com sete repetições. As concentrações de ácido fúlvico e ácido húmico foram 100 ml do produto por 10 L de água. As variáveis analisadas foram: espaçamento entre os nós, altura de plantas, comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do colo, peso seco da parte aérea e peso seco da raiz. As plantas tratadas com ácido fúlvico apresentaram maiores valores para espaçamento entre os nós, altura de plantas, comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do colo, peso seco da parte aérea e peso seco da raiz, cujos valores foram 5,1cm, 28,12cm, 28,85cm, 0,052mm, 2,87g e 4,53g, respectivamente. O tratamento com ácido húmico embora tenha apresentado menor desempenho quando comparado ao com ácido fúlvico, proporcionou melhores resultados que o tratamento com água

Can composite packaging and selective enamel etching affect the clinical behavior of bulk-fill composite resin in posterior restorations? 24-month results of a randomized clinical trial

Objectives: This is a double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical study that aims to evaluate the influence of bulk-fill composite packaging presented in syringes (BSy) and capsules (BCa), and the effect of selective enamel etching (SEE) on the clinical performance of class I and II bulk-fill resin composite restorations after 24 months. Methodology: A total of 295 class I or class II restorations were performed on 70 patients. One universal adhesive was applied in all restorations. SEE was used in 148 restorations and self-etching mode (SET) in 147 restorations. After the adhesive application, cavities were restored with Filtek Bulk-fill Posterior Restorative in syringes (BSy), Filtek One Bulk-fill in capsules (BCa), or Filtek Supreme Ultra in syringes with the incremental technique (In). All restorations were evaluated using the FDI criteria after one week and after six, 12, and 24 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Pearson’s Chi-square test were used (α=0.05) for statistical analysis. Results: After 24 months, 62 patients were evaluated and four restorations were lost due to fracture (one for SEEBSy, two for SEEIn, and one for SETIn). No significant differences in the fracture and retention rate were found between groups (p>0.05). SEE showed significantly fewer marginal adaptation defects than SET (p<0.05). BCa and BSy groups showed fewer marginal discrepancies compared to In (p<0.05). Restorations performed with BCa showed less color mismatch than BSy or In (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although all restorations exhibited satisfactory clinical performance after 24 months of clinical service, the clinical behavior of class I and II restorations’ improved when performed with a bulk-fill composite in capsules, mainly when associated with a universal adhesive applied with SEE

Chlorhexidine does not increase immediate bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive to caries-affected dentin of primary and permanent teeth

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on immediate bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive to sound (SD) and caries-affected (CAD) primary dentin compared with permanent dentin. Flat dentin surfaces from 20 primary molars (Pri) and 20 permanent molars (Perm) were assigned to 8 experimental groups (n=5) according to tooth type (Pri or Perm), dentin condition (SD or CAD - pH-cycling for 14 days) and treatment (control - C or 60 s application of 2% CHX solution after acid etching - CHX). The bonding system (Adper Single Bond 2) was applied according to manufacturer's instructions followed by resin composite application (Filtek Z250). After 24 h water storage, specimens with cross-section area of 0.8 mm² were prepared for being tested under microtensile test (1 mm/min). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (&#945;=0.05). Failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope at ×400. Treatment with CHX did not result in higher bond strength values than no pre-treatment (C groups), independently of tooth type. Primary teeth and caries-affected dentin showed significantly lower (p<0.05) bond strength means compared with permanent teeth and sound dentin, respectively. Predominance of adhesive/mixed failure was observed for all groups. CHX did not influence the immediate bond strength to sound or caries-affected dentin of primary and permanent teeth