Factors associated with introduction, naturalization, and invasion in Australian Proteaceae species.

<p>A) native range size; B) the number of susceptible and resistant species to <i>Phytophthora</i>; C) use as barrier plants; and D) plant height (m). Different letters indicate groups that differed significantly at <i>p</i><0.05. For barrier plants and susceptibility to <i>Phytophthora</i>, Fisher's exact test for count data was used. Only factors that explained at least 15% of either model are shown.</p

Taxonomic distribution of Proteaceae genera worldwide.

<p>Patterns depict A) introduced, B) naturalized and C) invasive species. Each point represents a genus (to avoid clutter only selected genus names are included) with lines indicating expectations from a hypergeometric distribution (median and 95% confidence intervals). Genera falling between the lines are not significantly over- or underrepresented. Genera above or below the intervals are significantly over- or underrepresented respectively. To assess how invasiveness differs across the genera of Proteaceae.</p

The number of Proteaceae species that are introduced, naturalized or invasive.

<p>Out of the 1674 species in the family at least 402 species have been introduced worldwide. Out of the 402 species, 336 species have not yet naturalized, 58 species are naturalized but not recorded as invasive and 8 species are invasive. In the same manner, out of the 1121 Australian species at least 206 species have been introduced, of which 147 have not yet naturalized, 51 are naturalized but not invasive and 8 are invasive. Numbers of genera in each category are shown in parentheses.</p

Summary of the boosted regression tree models of factors associated with naturalization (a) and invasion (b) in Proteaceae species.

<p>Only traits contributing at least 5% to the models are shown; traits that explained at least 15% of either model are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075078#pone-0075078-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> and Table S6. Data range includes the minimum and maximum values from the fitted functions and is representative of effect size.</p

Traits used in the analyses for separating introduced vs. naturalized and naturalized vs. invasive Proteaceae species.

<p>The range and median values for continuous variables are shown in parentheses.</p

<i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> in South Africa – past, present, future

Eucalyptus camaldulensis can be seen as an iconic tree of superlatives. It is the eucalypt with the widest native range, and one of the most widely planted eucalypts around the globe. In South Africa, it is the most widespread and the most aggressively invasive eucalypt. It has many uses, but also causes major impacts. However, little is known about key aspects of its ecology in South Africa, including its invasion history, invasion processes and dynamics, and people’s perceptions of its positive and negative effects on ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for developing robust and defendable guidelines for sustainable management of the species. This paper provides a comprehensive dossier of the species in South Africa. It reviews what is known of its introduction and planting history, its current distribution, its value for commercial forestry and other uses, its impacts as an invasive species, pests and pathogens associated with the species, people’s perceptions of the species and conflicts of interest, and the options for management and restoration. The review reveals that E. camaldulensis is a tree of many contradictions in South Africa, making it a poster-child example of a conflict-generating non-native species. Based on available knowledge, we assess options for improved management. We highlight several knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in more detail through future research. It is hoped that this species profile will serve as a model for the types of information that are needed for developing objective management strategies for non-native tree species in different parts of the world.</p