Comparative assessment of variant detection based on <i>Prunus persica</i> reads aligned on the reference peach genome.

<p>Several read trimming method/threshold combinations are tested. The Average Percentage of Minor Allele Call (APOMAC) or of Non-reference Allele Call (APONAC) are reported, together with the total number of high-confidence SNPs.</p

Fraction of reads mapped vs. number of reads in the quality trimmed <i>Homo sapiens</i> RNA-Seq dataset.

<p>Each symbol corresponds to a quality threshold. Peak Q parameters for each tool are reported.</p

Number of covered nucleotides in the <i>Prunus persica</i> genome (total size: 227M bases) above minimum coverage thresholds.

<p>The analysis was performed on untrimmed reads and after trimming with 9 tools at Q=20 (for ConDeTri, default parameters HQ=25 and LQ=10 were used).</p

Computational requirements necessary for full <i>Prunus persica</i> genome assembly (RAM peak and time) for different combinations of read trimming tools and thresholds.

<p>Computational requirements necessary for full <i>Prunus persica</i> genome assembly (RAM peak and time) for different combinations of read trimming tools and thresholds.</p

Barplots indicating the performance of nine read trimming tools at different quality thresholds on a <i>Homo sapiens</i> RNA-Seq dataset.

<p>For ConDeTri, two basic parameters are necessary, and combinations of both are reported (which explains the non-monotonic appearance of the barplots). Red bars indicate the percentage of reads aligning in the trimmed dataset. Blue bars indicate the number of reads surviving trimming.</p

Historical Introgression of the Downy Mildew Resistance Gene <i>Rpv12</i> from the Asian Species <i>Vitis amurensis</i> into Grapevine Varieties

<div><p>The Amur grape (<i>Vitis amurensis</i> Rupr.) thrives naturally in cool climates of Northeast Asia. Resistance against the introduced pathogen <i>Plasmopara viticola</i> is common among wild ecotypes that were propagated from Manchuria into Chinese vineyards or collected by Soviet botanists in Siberia, and used for the introgression of resistance into wine grapes (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.). A QTL analysis revealed a dominant gene <i>Rpv12</i> that explained 79% of the phenotypic variance for downy mildew resistance and was inherited independently of other resistance genes. A Mendelian component of resistance–a hypersensitive response in leaves challenged with <i>P. viticola</i>–was mapped in an interval of 0.2 cM containing an array of coiled-coil NB-LRR genes on chromosome 14. We sequenced 10-kb genic regions in the <i>Rpv12⁺</i> haplotype and identified polymorphisms in 12 varieties of <i>V. vinifera</i> using next-generation sequencing. The combination of two SNPs in single-copy genes flanking the NB-LRR cluster distinguished the resistant haplotype from all others found in 200 accessions of <i>V. vinifera</i>, <i>V. amurensis</i>, and <i>V. amurensis</i> x <i>V. vinifera</i> crosses. The <i>Rpv12⁺</i> haplotype is shared by 15 varieties, the most ancestral of which are the century-old ‘Zarja severa’ and ‘Michurinets’. Before this knowledge, the chromosome segment around <i>Rpv12⁺</i> became introgressed, shortened, and pyramided with another downy mildew resistance gene from North American grapevines (<i>Rpv3</i>) only by phenotypic selection. <i>Rpv12⁺</i> has an additive effect with <i>Rpv3⁺</i> to protect vines against natural infections, and confers foliar resistance to strains that are virulent on <i>Rpv3⁺</i> plants.</p> </div

Phenotypic distribution of downy mildew resistance.

<p>Two families segregating for <i>Rpv12⁺</i> (panel <b>A</b>) and for the combination of <i>Rpv12⁺</i> and <i>Rpv3⁺</i> (panel <b>B</b>) were analysed. Resistance scores in panel <b>A</b> are based on the OIV452 parameter (1 = most sensitive, 9 = most resistant) scored on field-grown seedlings under natural infection. Resistance scores in panel <b>B</b> are based on the cumulative OIV452 parameter (∑OIV452 = sum of daily OIV452 scores from 3 to 8 dpi) in artificially inoculated leaf discs. The average phenotypic value in the upper left corner of the panels <b>A</b>–<b>B</b> refers to individuals grouped by their allelic status at the <i>Rpv12</i> and <i>Rpv3</i> genes, which was estimated based on the flanking markers UDV014/UDV370 for <i>Rpv12</i>, and on UDV305/UDV737 for <i>Rpv3 </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061228#pone.0061228-DiGaspero1" target="_blank">[8]</a>. Recombinants in those intervals were excluded from this estimate. QTL plots that explain the phenotypic variance shown in panel <b>B</b> are given in panel <b>C</b>.</p

List of 95 peach/nectarine varieties representing the diversity of cultivated <i>P. persica</i>.

a<p>(B)  =  breeding materials (L)  =  landrace.</p>b<p>-  =  unknown donor of the nectarine allele.</p><p>For each accession the following information is reported: name, genotype at the indelG marker (941 bp reference peach allele, 197 bp nectarine allele carrying the retrotransposon insertion), phenotype, pedigree, country of origin and year of release/discovery when known, putative donor of the nectarine allele in <i>P.persica</i> if pedrigree information was available.</p

LG 5 CxA map around the <i>G</i> locus.

<p>Linkage map obtained from analysis of the CxA F₂ progeny. On the left side distances are indicated in cM; on the right the marker name, the physical position on Peach v1.0 and marker skewedness are reported. The peach/nectarine locus and the indelG marker are shown in bold.</p

Functional Marker indelG.

<p>A marker assay was developed based on sequence information on the <i>PpeMYB25</i> gene and the Ty1<i>-copia</i> insertion. Three primers were designed to discriminate peach and nectarine genotypes (A, B). A panel of nectarines including the putative donors of the trait, show a unique fragment of about 200 bp (C). A set of peaches, of diverse pedigree and origins (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090574#pone-0090574-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) (D), shows homozygous or heterozygous patterns.</p