Zn toxicity to bacterial communities in mineral (panels A, B, C) and organic (panels D, E, F) soils.

<p>The effects of nano-sized (i.e. ENPs; panels A, D) and macroparticulate ‘bulk-sized’ (i.e. non-ENP) oxide (panels B, E) and as well as sulfate forms of Zn (panels C, F) on soil bacterial community growth rate are contrasted. The relationship between the relative bacterial growth (normalized relative to the bacterial growth rate in unamended soils) and rate of Zn application are described with a sigmoidal curve to establish the concentration response relationship (presented as lines). Datapoints represent the mean of two independent replicates ±1 SE. Sometimes error bars are hidden by symbols.</p

Free Cu in in soil solutions.

<p>The relationship between Cu concentration in soil solution and the application rate of nano-CuO (panels A, D), bulk-CuO (panels B, E) and CuSO₄ (panels C, F) in mineral (panels A, B, C) and organic (D, E, F) soils. Note the broken y-axis scales (panels C, F). Datapoints are the mean of three replicate analyses ±1 SE. Sometimes error bars are hidden by symbols.</p

Seawater carbonate chemistry values for the four treatments.

<p>Values represent the mean ±SD of bimonthly measures taken over the six months exposure period (n = 12 for each treatment). Mussels were either exposed to: ambient pH and ambient temperature (ambient); ambient pH and elevated temperature (warming); reduced pH and ambient temperature (acidified); or reduced pH and elevated temperature (warming+acidified). TRT represents treatment, T = temperature, Sal = Salinity, pH_T = pH (total scale), TA = total alkalinity, DIC = dissolved inorganic carbon, pCO₂ = CO₂ partial pressure, HCO₃⁻ = bicarbonate, CO₃²⁻ = carbonate, Ω_arag = aragonite saturation state, and Ωcalc = calcite saturation state. Measured values are: temperature, salinity, TA, and DIC. Calculated values are pH, pCO₂, HCO₃, CO₃²⁻, Ω_arag and Ω_calc.</p

Sub-surface seawater temperature in the Menai Strait (Wales, UK) between October 2011 and October 2012.

<p>Temperature was measured at 3</p

Effects of warming and/or acidification on shell strength.

<p>A) Maximum load endured until fracture and B) extension or distance a shell will bend/flex before failure of shells from <i>M. edulis</i> held for six months under: ambient temperature and ambient pH (ambient); ambient temperature and reduced pH (acidified); elevated temperature and ambient pH (warming); and elevated temperature and reduced pH (warming+acidified). Values given as means <b>±</b>SE (n = 18 per treatment). Acidified treatments shown in dark grey. Significant differences indicated by different lowercase letters (p<0.05).</p

Effects of warming and/or acidification on shell surface area.

<p>Shell surface area was determined in at least three subsamples consisting of a number of shell fragments (of 0.1–0.3 g total mass) per shell from <i>M. edulis</i> held for six months at either: ambient temperature and ambient pH (ambient); ambient temperature and reduced pH (acidified); elevated temperature and ambient pH (warming); or elevated temperature and reduced pH (warming+acidified). Values given as means <b>±</b>SE (n = 3). Acidified treatments shown in dark grey. Significant differences indicated by different lowercase letters (p<0.05).</p

Shell morphometrics and shell composition.

<p>Mean values ±SE for shell dry weight, shell length, shell width, shell height and shell thickness (umbo and distal edge), and molar fraction of calcite:aragonite in <i>M. edulis</i> following a six month exposure period to four pH-temperature treatments: ambient pH and ambient temperature (ambient); ambient pH and elevated temperature (warming); reduced pH and ambient temperature (acidified); or reduced pH and elevated temperature (warming+acidified). N = 18 per treatment for the morphometric determinations, and N = 4 for shell composition, with the exception of the acidified treatment when only 2 values were recorded and both of these are given. ML: maximum load, E: extension, MF: molar fraction, U: umbo, DE: distal edge.</p