Fig 1 -

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers (A) and children (B) with high (Ct-value ≤ 30), or low or undetectable (Ct-value > 30) pneumococcal density. Cytokine concentrations are presented as median (interquartile range) pg/mL. Ct, cycle threshold; ns, non-significant.</p

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.</p

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia.

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia.</p

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers and children using solid or cleaner fuel for cooking.

Nasopharyngeal cytokine levels among 60 pairs of mothers and children using solid or cleaner fuel for cooking.</p

Socio-demographic characteristics of 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia using solid and cleaner fuel for cooking.

Socio-demographic characteristics of 60 pairs of mothers and children in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia using solid and cleaner fuel for cooking.</p

Sensitivities and positive predictive values for detection of severe pneumococcal pneumonia (Pneumonia Severity Index risk class IV-V) at different nasopharyngeal DNA density cut-off levels.

<p>^a Data presented as % (patients with severe pneumococcal pneumonia and DNA density ≥ cut-off/all patients with severe pneumococcal pneumonia).</p><p>^b Data presented as % (patients with severe pneumococcal pneumonia and DNA density ≥ cut-off /all patients with DNA density ≥ cut-off).</p><p>Sensitivities and positive predictive values for detection of severe pneumococcal pneumonia (Pneumonia Severity Index risk class IV-V) at different nasopharyngeal DNA density cut-off levels.</p

Flow chart of the study population with and without nasopharyngeal aspirate tested with PCR for pneumococcal DNA.

<p>Flow chart of the study population with and without nasopharyngeal aspirate tested with PCR for pneumococcal DNA.</p

Clinical and microbiological factors and their association with nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density.

<p>^a Solid tumor, blood malignancy, liver disease, renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke, diabetes.</p><p>^b Serotypes 3, 6B, 11A, 12F, 19A, 19F, 23F, and 35B.</p><p>Univariate analysis on 57 patients if not otherwise stated.</p

Characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumonia with pneumococcal DNA detected and not detected in nasopharyngeal (NP) aspirate.

<p>Data are presented as numbers (%), unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>^a<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> detected by blood culture and/or culture of respiratory secretions and/or urinary antigen test.</p><p>^b Solid tumor, blood malignancy, liver disease, renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke, diabetes.</p><p>Characteristics of patients with community-acquired pneumonia with pneumococcal DNA detected and not detected in nasopharyngeal (NP) aspirate.</p

Factors and their independent association with nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density.

<p>Regression analysis with bootstrapping in 47 patients with complete information about the included parameters.</p