Funnel plot.

<p>Funnel plot.</p

Forest plot.

<p>Forest plot.</p

PRISMA flow diagram.

<p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p

Characteristics of studies.

<p>Characteristics of studies.</p

Image_1_Autophagy Benefits the Replication of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus in Duck Embryo Fibroblasts.TIF

<p>Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV) is an economically important pathogen with a broad host range, and it causes disease that leads to markedly decreased egg production. Although EDSV is known to induce apoptosis in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), the interaction between EDSV and its host needs to be further researched. Here, we provide the first evidence that EDSV infection triggers autophagy in DEFs through increases in autophagosome-like double-membrane vesicles, the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and LC3 colocalization with viral hexon proteins. Conversely, P62/SQSTM1 degradation, LC3-II turnover, and colocalization of LAMP and LC3 confirmed that EDSV infection triggers complete autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) and 3-methyladenine (3MA) or RNA interference targeting ATG-7 decreased the yield of EDSV progeny. In contrast, induction of autophagy by rapamycin increased the EDSV progeny yield. In addition, we preliminarily demonstrated that the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway contributes to autophagic induction following EDSV infection. Altogether, these finding lead us to conclude that EDSV infection induces autophagy, which benefits its own replication in host cells. These findings provide novel insights into EDSV–host interactions.</p

Risk of bias.

<p>Green indicates low risk; yellow indicates unclear risk; red indicates high risk.</p

Le Roi des azurs : journal estudiantin, dynamique, féministe et littéraire ["puis" organe trimensuel dynamique mystique, mastique [sic], élastique, pacifiste, féministe, anti-vénérien, anti-gonnocoques [sic], anti-moustiques, ultra-réaliste, ultra-royaliste, ésotérique]

janvier 19301930/01 (N2)

MOESM3 of Binding and entry of peste des petits ruminants virus into caprine endometrial epithelial cells profoundly affect early cellular gene expression

Additional file 3. All genes differentially expressed in PPRV-infected EECs at 24 hpi compared with 1 hpi. 307 genes were upregulated and 261 genes were downregulated in PPRV-infected EECs

Efficacy and Safety of Adding Clopidogrel to Aspirin on Stroke Prevention among High Vascular Risk Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>Whether clopidogrel should be added to aspirin for stroke prevention remained controversial for the risk of hemorrhagic complications. This meta-analysis was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adding clopidogrel to aspirin on stroke prevention in high vascular risk patients, and to provide evidence for a suitable duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched PubMed, EMBase, OVID and <i>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</i> (up to June, 2013) for randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in high vascular risk patients. Comparisons of stroke and hemorrhagic complications between treatment groups were expressed by the pooled Relative Risks (RRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).</p><p>Results</p><p>Fifteen trials with a total of 97692 intention-to-treat participants were included with duration of follow-up ranging from 7 days to 3.6 years. Dual antiplatelet therapy reduced all stroke by 21% (RR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.73–0.85) with no evidence of heterogeneity across the trials (<i>P</i> = 0.27, <i>I</i>² = 17%).The effects were consistent between short-term subgroup (≤1 month, RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67–0.85) and long-term subgroup (≥3 months, RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.89). The risk of major bleeding was not significantly increased by dual antiplatelet therapy in short-term subgroup (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.91–1.36), while significantly increased in long-term subgroup (RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36–1.69). Long-term dual antiplatelet therapy substantially increased the risk of intracranial bleeding (RR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.22–2.54).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term combination of clopidogrel and aspirin is effective and safe for stroke prevention in high vascular risk patients. Long-term combination therapy substantially increases the risk of major bleeding and intracranial bleeding.</p></div

Forest plot of Clop+ASA vs. ASA on all stroke.

<p>ASA indicates aspirin; CI, confidence interval; Clop, clopidogrel; and M-H, Mantel-Haenszel method.</p