Validation of Reference Genes for Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Analysis of <i>Avibacterium paragallinarum</i> - Fig 1

Range of Cq values of the nine candidate reference genes across all samples of A. paragallinarum serovars A, B, and C. Boxes and whiskers represent interquartile ranges and confidence intervals. Bars inside boxes indicate median values. Hollow circles show outliers (5th/95th percentile) respectively.</p

Gene expression stability assessed by the comparative ΔCT method.

<p>Gene expression stability assessed by the comparative ΔCT method.</p

50S ribosomal protein L33 expression analysis at different time points in stationary phase in cultures of serovar B of <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i>.

<p>Different colored columns show the relative quantification of 50S ribosomal protein L33 when normalized against reference genes at three sampling time points. <i>RecN</i> and <i>16S rRNA</i> were the two highest ranked genes, <i>gyrA</i> and <i>atpD</i> were the two highly ranked genes for cultures of serovar B of <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i> in stationary phase and <i>sodA</i> was a poorly ranked gene.</p

Information of the primers and corresponding candidate reference genes.

<p>Information of the primers and corresponding candidate reference genes.</p

Candidate reference genes ranked by different methods in serovar A.

<p>Candidate reference genes ranked by different methods in serovar A.</p

Gene expression stability rankings for different growth phase in <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i> serovar B analyzed by geNorm.

<p>Gene expression stability rankings for different growth phase in <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i> serovar B analyzed by geNorm.</p

Gene expression stability rankings for different growth phase in <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i> serovar C analyzed by geNorm.

<p>Gene expression stability rankings for different growth phase in <i>A</i>. <i>paragallinarum</i> serovar C analyzed by geNorm.</p

Antioxidation Mechanism of Highly Concentrated Electrolytes at High Voltage

It has been researched that highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) can solve the problem of the excessive decomposition of dilute electrolytes at a high voltage, but the mechanism is not clear. In this work, the antioxidation mechanism of HCE at a high voltage was investigated by in situ electrochemical tests and theoretical calculations from the perspective of the solvation structure and physicochemical property. The results indicate that compared with the dilute electrolyte, the change of solvation structures in HCE makes more PF6– anions easier to be oxidized prior to the dimethyl carbonate solvents, resulting in a more stable cathode–electrolyte interphase (CEI) film. First, the lower oxidation potential of the solvation structure with more PF6– anions inhibits the side effects of the electrolyte effectively. Second, the CEI film, consisted of LiF and LixPOyFz generated from the oxidation of PF6– and Li3PO4 generated from the hydrolysis of LiPF6 via the soluble PO2F2– intermediate, can reduce the interface impedance and improve the conductivity. Intriguingly, the high viscosity of HCEs and the hydrolysis of LiPF6 are proven to play a positive role in enhancing the interfacial stability of the electrolyte/electrode at a high voltage. This study builds a deep understanding of the bulk and interface properties of HCEs and provides theoretical support for their large-scale application in high-voltage battery materials