Comparison of sequence profiles between cancer and non-cancer groups and selected features (residues marked with arrows) based on entropy calculation in the R3'/R3 region.

<p>Comparison of sequence profiles between cancer and non-cancer groups and selected features (residues marked with arrows) based on entropy calculation in the R3'/R3 region.</p

Detected residues by calculating entropy difference for each intervening region between Western and East Asian subtypes.

<p>Detected residues by calculating entropy difference for each intervening region between Western and East Asian subtypes.</p

Profiles of the CagA repeat regions.

<p>Profiles of the CagA repeat regions.</p

Workflow of classification/prediction procedure for one specific CagA sequence.

<p>Workflow of classification/prediction procedure for one specific CagA sequence.</p

Structure examples: A-B-D and A-B-C types of CagA sequences (not on a proportional scale to sequence length).

<p>Structure examples: A-B-D and A-B-C types of CagA sequences (not on a proportional scale to sequence length).</p

An example to present different cases for the entropy calculation.

<p>An example to present different cases for the entropy calculation.</p

Classification performance.

<p>Classification performance.</p

Grid-search for determining the optimal parameters of classifier, with color indicating the F value.

<p>(A) The contour plot of F value resulting from a loose grid-search on a hyper parameter range for the Western subtype group. (B) The contour plot of F value resulting from a loose grid-search on a hyper parameter range for a randomly shuffled Western subtype group with the highest F value.</p

Table_1_Multispecies probiotics complex improves bile acids and gut microbiota metabolism status in an in vitro fermentation model.XLSX

The consumption of probiotics has been extensively employed for the management or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders by modifying the gut microbiota and changing metabolites. Nevertheless, the probiotic-mediated regulation of host metabolism through the metabolism of bile acids (BAs) remains inadequately comprehended. The gut-liver axis has received more attention in recent years due to its association with BA metabolism. The objective of this research was to examine the changes in BAs and gut microbiota using an in vitro fermentation model. The metabolism and regulation of gut microbiota by commercial probiotics complex containing various species such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus were investigated. The findings indicated that the probiotic strains had produced diverse metabolic profiles of BAs. The probiotics mixture demonstrated the greatest capacity for Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation, leading to a significant elevation in the concentrations of Chenodeoxycholic acid, Deoxycholic acidcholic acid, and hyocholic acid in humans. In addition, the probiotic mixtures have the potential to regulate the microbiome of the human intestines, resulting in a reduction of isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. The probiotics complex intervention group showed a significant increase in the quantities of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, in comparison to the control group. Hence, the use of probiotics complex to alter gut bacteria and enhance the conversion of BAs could be a promising approach to mitigate metabolic disorders in individuals.</p

Table_2_Multispecies probiotics complex improves bile acids and gut microbiota metabolism status in an in vitro fermentation model.XLSX

The consumption of probiotics has been extensively employed for the management or prevention of gastrointestinal disorders by modifying the gut microbiota and changing metabolites. Nevertheless, the probiotic-mediated regulation of host metabolism through the metabolism of bile acids (BAs) remains inadequately comprehended. The gut-liver axis has received more attention in recent years due to its association with BA metabolism. The objective of this research was to examine the changes in BAs and gut microbiota using an in vitro fermentation model. The metabolism and regulation of gut microbiota by commercial probiotics complex containing various species such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus were investigated. The findings indicated that the probiotic strains had produced diverse metabolic profiles of BAs. The probiotics mixture demonstrated the greatest capacity for Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation, leading to a significant elevation in the concentrations of Chenodeoxycholic acid, Deoxycholic acidcholic acid, and hyocholic acid in humans. In addition, the probiotic mixtures have the potential to regulate the microbiome of the human intestines, resulting in a reduction of isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. The probiotics complex intervention group showed a significant increase in the quantities of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, in comparison to the control group. Hence, the use of probiotics complex to alter gut bacteria and enhance the conversion of BAs could be a promising approach to mitigate metabolic disorders in individuals.</p