The proper class generated by weak supplements

We show that, for hereditary rings, the smallest proper classes containing respectively the classes of short exact sequences determined by small submodules, submodules that have supplements and weak supplement submodules coincide. Moreover, we show that this class can be obtained as a natural extension of the class determined by small submodules. We also study injective, projective, coinjective and coprojective objects of this class. We prove that it is coinjectively generated and its global dimension is at most 1. Finally, we describe this class for Dedekind domains in terms of supplement submodules.TUBITAK (107T709

Unemployment, Immigration, and Populism

This paper examines how unemployment and cultural anxiety have triggered different dimensions of the current populism in the United States. Specifically, I exploit the Great Recession (GR) and the 2014 Northern Triangle immigrant influx (IM) to investigate the effects of recent unemployment and unauthorized immigration on attitudes related to populism. I find that recent unemployment during GR, rather than existing unemployment from before GR, increased the probability of attitudes against wealthy elites by 15 percentage points (PP). Such attitudes are connected with left-wing populism. I identify perceived economic unfairness as a mechanism through which recent unemployment drove left-wing populism. However, cultural anxiety rather than economic distress more likely led to the over 10 PP rise in the probability of anti-immigration attitudes during IM. These attitudes are related to right-wing populism. This study intentionally links distinct economic and cultural driving forces, respectively, to different types of populism, while still accounting for their potential interaction effects. This strategy facilitates disentangling the economic and cultural triggers of the currently surging populism. </p

Unemployment, Immigration, and Populism

 This paper examines how unemployment and cultural anxiety have triggered differ-ent dimensions of the current populism in the United States. Specifically, I exploitthe Great Recession (GR) and the 2014 Northern Triangle immigrant influx (IM)to investigate the effects of recent unemployment and unauthorized immigration onattitudes related to populism. I find that recent unemployment during GR, ratherthan existing unemployment from before GR, increased the probability of attitudesagainst wealthy elites by 15 percentage points (PP). Such attitudes are connectedwith left-wing populism. I identify perceived economic unfairness as a mechanismthrough which recent unemployment drove left-wing populism. However, culturalanxiety rather than economic distress more likely led to the over 10 PP rise in theprobability of anti-immigration attitudes during IM. These attitudes are related toright-wing populism. This study intentionally links distinct economic and culturaldriving forces, respectively, to different types of populism, while still accountingfor their potential interaction effects. This strategy facilitates disentangling theeconomic and cultural triggers of the currently surging populism. </p

Aerobic Organocatalytic Oxidation of Aryl Aldehydes: Flavin Catalyst Turnover by Hantzsch’s Ester

The first Dakin oxidation fueled by molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant is reported. Flavin and NAD(P)H coenzymes, from natural enzymatic redox systems, inspired the use of flavin organocatalysts and a Hantzsch ester to perform transition-metal-free, aerobic oxidations. Catechols and electron-rich phenols are achieved with as low as a 0.1 mol % catalyst loading, 1 equiv of Hantzsch ester, and O₂ or air as the stoichiometric oxidant source

Model (1) 200 Monte-Carlo shock response graph.

Model (1) 200 Monte-Carlo shock response graph.</p

Model (1) variance decomposition results.

Model (1) variance decomposition results.</p

States of a Water Droplet on Nanostructured Surfaces

Wetting behavior of a water droplet on nanostructured surfaces is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the equilibrium states can be classified into four categories: the Wenzel, the metastable Cassie, the globally steady Cassie, and the Cross state. For the Wenzel state, the equilibrium state is independent of the initial state of the water droplet, and always in the Wenzel state no matter if the initial state is the Wenzel or the Cassie state. For the metastable Cassie state, the equilibrium state is dependent on the initial state: the equilibrium state presents as the Cassie state only when the initial state is the Cassie state, otherwise it presents as the Wenzel state. For the globally steady Cassie state, it is always in an equilibrium state of the Cassie state regardless of the initial state, which indicates that the transition from the Wenzel to the Cassie state can spontaneously happen. The results also show that the equilibrium state remains unchanged with the droplet size increasing for these three states. The Cross state is a state that can only be found on nanostructured surfaces, and the existence of this state should be attributed to the structured water molecules in the nanostructures. Furthermore, calculation from a criterion derived from a continuum mechanical analysis for the Cassie state is given, and the results demonstrate that the predictions from the criteria for the Cassie state agree with the results from molecular dynamics simulation for the globally steady Cassie state

Results of the unit root test of variables.

Results of the unit root test of variables.</p

Specific expressions of the wording extracted from the monetary policy implementation report.

Specific expressions of the wording extracted from the monetary policy implementation report.</p

Descriptive statistics of each variable.

Descriptive statistics of each variable.</p