Test–retest reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in people with schizophrenia

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in people with schizophrenia. In this study, minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated and systematic measurement errors were evaluated. Method: Sixty-three people with schizophrenia underwent the WCST twice with a two-week interval. Test–retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient. Systematic measurement error was examined using paired t-test and effect size (Cohen’s d). Results: The values of intraclass correlation coefficient were >0.70, except for two indices (“nonperseverative errors” and “failure to maintain set” with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.56 and 0.30, respectively). Seven indices showed nonsignificant differences between the two assessments (t(62)= −0.84 to 1.38, p > 0.05) and negligible effect sizes (d = 0.03–0.13). The values of MDC with 95% certainty were 32.3, 42.0, 31.2, 36.9, 40.1, 3.3, and 3.8 for the “total number correct,” “perseverative responses,” “perseverative errors,” “nonperseverative errors,” “conceptual level responses,” “number of categories completed,” and “failure to maintain set” indices, respectively. Conclusions: The WCST has acceptable test–retest reliability. Two indices (“nonperseverative errors” and “failure to maintain set”) revealed lower levels of consistency in scores over repeated assessments. Clinicians and researchers should be cautious when using these two indices to interpret of the re-assessment results in people with schizophrenia.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe Wisconsin Card Sorting Test showed acceptable test–retest reliability in people with schizophrenia.Six indices of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test revealed substantial random measurement errors, which should be used cautiously to interpret executive functions over repeated assessments. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test showed acceptable test–retest reliability in people with schizophrenia. Six indices of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test revealed substantial random measurement errors, which should be used cautiously to interpret executive functions over repeated assessments.</p

Additional file 2 of Practice effect and test-retest reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 in people with dementia

Additional file 2 Results of independent sample t-test of the versions and subtests in the MMSE-2 between the SF (n = 60) and AF (n = 60) groups at baseline

Additional file 1 of Practice effect and test-retest reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2 in people with dementia

Additional file 1. Practice effects of the MMSE-2 in the alternate-form group (AF group)

Additional file 1 of Prevalence and factors associated with depression among older adults in the case of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementary Material 1. PRISMA Checklis

Additional file 3 of Prevalence and factors associated with depression among older adults in the case of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementary Material 3. Egger’s tes

Additional file 6 of Prevalence and factors associated with depression among older adults in the case of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementary Material 6. (Chronic ds

sj-docx-1-cng-10.1177_10784535241239684 - Supplemental material for Sarcopenia Among Older People in the Philippines: A Scoping Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cng-10.1177_10784535241239684 for Sarcopenia Among Older People in the Philippines: A Scoping Review by Mark U. Gay-as, Shu-Chun Lee and Fu-Chih Lai in Creative Nursing</p

Additional file 7 of Prevalence and factors associated with depression among older adults in the case of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementary Material 7. (Social support

sj-docx-2-cng-10.1177_10784535241239684 - Supplemental material for Sarcopenia Among Older People in the Philippines: A Scoping Review

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-cng-10.1177_10784535241239684 for Sarcopenia Among Older People in the Philippines: A Scoping Review by Mark U. Gay-as, Shu-Chun Lee and Fu-Chih Lai in Creative Nursing</p

Additional file 5 of Prevalence and factors associated with depression among older adults in the case of a low-income country, Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplementary Material 5. (No formal edu