Segmental Dynamics and Ionic Conduction in Poly(vinyl methyl ether)−Lithium Perchlorate Complexes

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was used to investigate the segmental dynamics and ionic conduction in LiClO4/PVME complexes with Li/O from 0.1/100 to 10/100, at temperatures from Tg to ∼Tg + 80 °C. Although no microphase separation is observed via DSC, dielectric experiments reveal two segmental relaxations and one localized ion motion process. The fastest process is attributed to relaxations of segments in ion-depleted domains and it slows down with increasing salt content, as does the ion motion. The segmental relaxation of PVME chains in ion-rich domains is even slower than the ion motion process, and about 104 times slower than the fast segmental process in the 0.5/100 complex. This process becomes faster with increasing LiClO4 content, despite the concurrent increase in the bulk Tg. Maximum molar conductivity is obtained in the 2/100 complex and the ionic conduction is about 10-9 S/cm at 30 °C. By using the dynamic bond percolation model, it was found that the ions move about 0.8 nm for the 0.5/100 complex at 25 °C at the time scale of the slow segmental relaxation, assuming that structural renewal is realized by the latter. This size, together with the strong correlation between the ionic conduction and the slow segmental relaxation, supports the idea that hopping from one segment to another one is probably the effective fundamental step giving rise to macroscopic conduction

Additional file 1 of Identification of miRNA biomarkers for stomach adenocarcinoma

Additional file 1. Table S1. The differently expressed mRNAs of STAD in TCGA. Table S2. The differently expressed miRNAs of STAD in TCGA. Table S3. The results of univariate COX regression. Table S4. Online databases predicted 50 target genes of these four miRNAs. Table S5. The results of GO analysis and KEGG analysis of ultimate target gene

Effect of <i>L</i>. <i>reuteri</i> I5007 on the numbers of bands and microbial diversity in the colonic digesta.

<p>*SEM, Standard Error of the Mean, n = 4 for each treatment.</p><p>Effect of <i>L</i>. <i>reuteri</i> I5007 on the numbers of bands and microbial diversity in the colonic digesta.</p

Additional file 1: of Recent progress of porcine milk components and mammary gland function

Table S1. Milk composition of different species (%). Table S2. Averages and range of reported concentrations of protein, fat and lactose of sow colostrum in 2010s. Table S3. Averages and range of reported concentrations of protein, fat and lactose of sow milk in 2010s. (DOCX 31 kb

DGGE profile of PCR products from the V6 to V8 regions of 16S rRNA obtained from colonic digesta of piglets on day 7, 14 and 21.

<p>n = 4 for each treatment. Arrows (1 to 10) indicate excised bands that were re-amplified and sequenced. Lane M, marker. Lane 1, <i>Clostridium glycolicum</i>; lane 2, Uncultured bacterium; lanes 3, 4. <i>Clostridium clostridioforme</i>; lane 5, Uncultured bacterium; lane 6, <i>Oscillibacter valericigenes</i>; lane 7, <i>Bacillus weihenstephanensis</i>; lane 8, <i>Clostridium aldenense</i>; lane 9, <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp.; lane 10, <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> I5007. Bacteria 10 in the 14 day and bacteria 9, 10 in the 21 day sample were not unable to be detected in the DGGE profile.</p

Effects of <i>L</i>. <i>reuteri</i> I5007 on pH and short chain fatty acid concentrations (mmol/kg) in colonic digesta obtained from neonatal piglets on days 7, 14 and 21.

<p>*SEM, Standard Error of the Mean, n = 5 for each treatment.</p><p>^{a, b}Means within a row with same or no superscript do not differ (<i>P></i> 0.05).</p><p>Effects of <i>L</i>. <i>reuteri</i> I5007 on pH and short chain fatty acid concentrations (mmol/kg) in colonic digesta obtained from neonatal piglets on days 7, 14 and 21.</p

DGGE profile of the PCR products of the V6 to V8 regions of 16S rRNA obtained from ileal digesta of piglets on day 7, 14 and 21.

<p>n = 4 for each treatment. Lane M, marker. Arrows (1 to 11) indicate excised bands that were re-amplified and sequenced. Lane 1, <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>; lanes 2, 3, <i>Clostridium lentocellum</i>; lane 4, <i>Clostridium</i> spp.; lane 5, <i>Streptococcus henryi</i>; lanes 6, 7 <i>Actinobacillus porcinus</i>; lane 8, <i>Escherichia coli</i>; lane 9, <i>Lactobacillus vaginalis</i>; lanes 10, <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> I5007; lane 11, Uncultured bacterium. Bacteria 9, 10 in the 14 day samples and 9, 10, and 11 in the 21 day samples were unable to be detected in the DGGE profile.</p

Different Lipopolysaccharide Branched-Chain Amino Acids Modulate Porcine Intestinal Endogenous β‑Defensin Expression through the Sirt1/ERK/90RSK Pathway

Nutritional induction of endogenous antimicrobial peptide expression is considered a promising approach to inhibit the outgrowth and infection of pathogenic microbes in mammals. The present study investigated possible regulation of porcine epithelial β-defensins in response to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in vivo and in vitro. BCAA treatment increased relative mRNA expression of jejunal and ileal β-defensins in weaned piglets. In IPEC-J2 cells, isoleucine, leucine, and valine could stimulate β-defensin expression, possibly associated with stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Sirt1 and ERK completely blocked the activation of ERK and 90RSK protein by isoleucine, simultaneously decreasing defensin expression. BCAA stimulate expression of porcine intestinal epithelial β-defensins with isoleucine the most, potent possibly through activation of the Sirt1/ERK/90RSK signaling pathway. The β-defensins regulation of lipopolysaccharide was related with an ERK-independent pathway. BCAA modulation of endogenous defensin might be a promising approach to enhance disease resistance and intestinal health in young animals and children

Closest relatives to sequences excised from the DGGE profile obtained from ileal and colonic digesta (band numbers refer to Figs. 1 and 2).

<p>Closest relatives to sequences excised from the DGGE profile obtained from ileal and colonic digesta (band numbers refer to Figs. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119505#pone.0119505.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119505#pone.0119505.g002" target="_blank">2</a>).</p