The damage mechanism of spent acid in acid fracturing and damage reduction measures in Daniudi gas field

In the process of acid fracturing, spent acid after acid-rock reaction will adsorb and block matrix pores, damaging reservoir, resulting in damage to the reservoir. In order to clarify the influence of spent acid damage on carbonate reservoir of Majiagou Formation in Daniudi Gasfield, the spent acid damage experiments on matrix, natural fracture and acid etched fracture were carried out through the configuration of field spent acid, and the damage mechanism was analyzed from micro and macro perspectives. In addition, the potential sediment test of acid rock chemical reaction of carbonate rock cores containing gypsum in Daniudi Gasfield has been carried out. The experimental results show that spent acid has a high damage rate to matrix. Spent acid enters the matrix in the form of pore clogging to contaminate the core, with a failure rate of about 30%. The spent acid remains on the surface of natural- fracture, and the reservoir with high permeability is less damaged by the spent acid. Spent acid damage rate is between 10 and 20% in the natural fracture. But acid etched fracture is almost unaffected by spent acid. Therefore, the damage of spent acid is mainly caused by blockage, and the adsorption damage is relatively low. On the other hand, Gypsum has no obvious damage in acidizing fracturing. Finally, in order to reduce the spent acid damage, acid optimization measures were taken. The optimized acid can reduce the damage of spent acid by less than 10%.</p

Fluorination of ZnWO₄ Photocatalyst and Influence on the Degradation Mechanism for 4-Chlorophenol

The fluorine doped ZnWO4 photocatalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis and annealing treatment. The existing states of fluorine in the crystal were elucidated, and the effects of fluorine on the crystal structure, photocatalytic activity, and degradative intermediates were investigated. The doping concentration of fluorine in the interstitial lattice of ZnWO4 crystal can be controlled by the annealing conditions. The photocatalytic activity can be enhanced about 50% after the doped ZnWO4 was annealed at 450 °C for 1 h due to perfect crystal structure. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity after fluorine doping could be attributed to the higher separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs, which results in a large number of holes participated in the photocatalytic process. The fluorine doping does not change the degradation pathway of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in our system. 4-CP was mainly transformed into hydroxylated aromatic intermediates such as benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), and 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC). The photodegradation of 4-CP in powdered F-doped ZnWO4 system proceeded via direct holes oxidation reactions

Electron Spin Resonance Spin-Trapping Detection of Radical Intermediates in N-Doped TiO₂-Assisted Photodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol

The electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as the spin-trap reagent has been applied to detect free radical intermediates generated during in situ ultraviolet or visible irradiation of aqueous 4-chlorphenol (4-CP)/N-doped TiO2 suspensions. ESR measurements gave the first direct evidence that the active species (•OH and O2•-) are responsible for the photodecomposition of 4-CP over N-doped TiO2 under visible-light irradiation, strongly suggesting that the photocatalytic reaction of organic compounds in powdered N-doped TiO2 systems proceed via surface intermediates of oxygen reduction or water oxidation, not via direct reaction with holes trapped at the N-induced midgap level. These results have important implications for the evaluation of the oxidative powder of TiO2-xNx catalysts

Photocatalytic Degradation of RhB by Fluorinated Bi₂WO₆ and Distributions of the Intermediate Products

Fluorinated Bi2WO6 catalyst was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process. The effects of fluorine doping on crystal structure, optical property, photoinduced hydrophilicity, surface acidity, and photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared sample were observed in detail. Fluorinated Bi2WO6 presented the enhanced photoactivity for the RhB degradation under the simulative sunlight (λ > 290 nm), which could be a synergetic effect of the surface fluorination and the doping of crystal lattice. To get a better handle on the mechanistic details of this photocatalytic system, the photodegradation process of RhB was examined. In the fluorinated Bi2WO6 system, five intermediates, namely, N,N-diethyl-N′-ethylrhodamine, N,N-diethylrohodamine, N-ethyl-N′-ethylrhodamine, N-ethylrhodamine, and rhodamine were thus identified, whereas the first three intermediates could only be identified in the case of the Bi2WO6 system. This result indicated that more RhB molecules were degraded via the deethylation process in the fluorinated Bi2WO6 system. It was proposed that the F−-containing function on the catalyst surface could serve as an electron-trapping site and enhance interfacial electron-transfer rates by tightly holding trapped electrons. On the basis of the experimental results, a photocatalytic mechanism was discussed in detail

Investigation on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrochar and Its Derived Pyrolysis Char for Their Potential Application: Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization Conditions

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an aqueous-phase procedure to prepare charred material using biomass. To obtain a charred material with high porosity, ash content, and thermal recalcitrance, it is necessary to investigate the influence of HTC conditions (peak temperature, retention time, and feedstock type) on the properties of hydrochar and its derived pyrolysis char (HDPC). Additionally, the relative importance of these conditions for the selected properties was also investigated by heterogeneity index. The results indicated that the properties of both hydrochar and HDPC samples were greatly influenced by the HTC process. The ash content and major metal elements (Na, Mg, K, and Ca) of hydrochar and HDPC samples were strongly influenced by the feedstock type; other properties, such as surface area, carbon sequestration potential, total carbon, total nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon were moderately influenced by the feedstock type. Overall, this study provided new insights into the relative importance of different HTC conditions in the properties of hydrochar and HDPC samples, which was an important process toward obtaining a “required” charred material for environmental remediation

Novel and High-Performance Magnetic Carbon Composite Prepared from Waste Hydrochar for Dye Removal

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of waste biomass for the production of bio-oil and hydrochar (a solid residue from HTL process). However, hydrochar possesses limited porosity and surface area, hindering its environmental application. In the present work, to promote the development of a sustainable application of waste biomass, waste hydrochar was activated and modified to a novel magnetic carbon composite, which exhibited high performance for dye removal from aqueous solutions. The composite possessed a saturation magnetization of 38.5 emu g^–1 at room temperature and could be facilely attracted from an aqueous solution by an external magnet. The as-prepared composite exhibited a superior malachite green (MG) adsorption capacity (476 mg g^–1), which was much higher than the known magnetic adsorbents. Our results suggested that the waste hydrochar could be efficiently transformed to a high-performance sustainable material for dye removal

Table_2_Identification of Novel Tumor Antigens and the Immune Landscapes of Bladder Cancer Patients for mRNA Vaccine Development.csv

BackgroundmRNA vaccines are a novel technology that provide a potential strategy for cancer treatment. However, few studies exist that are focused on the application and development of mRNA vaccines in bladder cancer (BLCA). Therefore, this study filtered candidate antigens and specific mRNA-suitable populations in BLCA via comprehensive multi-omics analysis.MethodsClinical information, follow-up information, and gene expression profiles were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. Somatic mutation and DNA copy number variation of BLCA were visualized by cBioPortal. Significant survival genes were analyzed by GEPIA2. TIMER was used to evaluate the connection between candidate antigens and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify immune subtypes using the ConsensusClusterPlus package. The Monocle package was used to visualize the immune landscapes of each BLCA patient. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes for mRNA vaccines.ResultsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens for BLCA. Three immune subtypes were classified based on immune-related gene expression profiles. Patients with the BCS2 subtype were characterized as immune “cold” and exhibited upregulation of immunogenic cell death modulators, whereas patients with BCS1 and BCS3 were immune “hot” and had upregulation of immune checkpoints. Interestingly, patients with the BCS2 subtype had a better prognosis than other subtypes. The immune landscapes of each patient were visualized and revealed the heterogeneity within the BCS1 subtype. Finally, 13 key immune genes were identified.ConclusionsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens, and patients with the BCS2 and BCS1A subtypes were identified as candidate populations for mRNA vaccines. In summary, this study provides novel insights and a theoretical basis for mRNA vaccine development in BLCA and other malignancies.</p

Role of Hydrochar Properties on the Porosity of Hydrochar-based Porous Carbon for Their Sustainable Application

In recent years, chemical activation of hydrochar (a solid material from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass) has been shown to be effective in producing advanced porous materials. However, the linkage between the properties of hydrochar and the porosity of hydrochar-based porous carbon (a material from the chemical activation of hydrochar) has not yet been clearly explored. In the present study, the results indicated that the properties of hydrochar (including stability, thermal recalcitrance, aromaticity and polarity) were greatly affected by the HTC process (peak temperature and retention time). Accordingly, the porosities of hydrochar-based porous carbon (including surface area and pore volume) were determined by the properties of hydrochar. For instance, positive correlations were founded between porosities of porous carbon materials and element compositions (H/C, O/C, and (O+N)/C) of hydrochar materials. Moreover, negative correlations were observed between the porosities of porous carbon materials and thermal recalcitrance of hydrochar materials. In general, a porous carbon with high porosity was produced from a hydrochar with HTC process of low peak temperature and retention time. Undoubtedly, hydrochar-based porous carbons retain features characteristic of its parent material

Table_3_Identification of Novel Tumor Antigens and the Immune Landscapes of Bladder Cancer Patients for mRNA Vaccine Development.csv

BackgroundmRNA vaccines are a novel technology that provide a potential strategy for cancer treatment. However, few studies exist that are focused on the application and development of mRNA vaccines in bladder cancer (BLCA). Therefore, this study filtered candidate antigens and specific mRNA-suitable populations in BLCA via comprehensive multi-omics analysis.MethodsClinical information, follow-up information, and gene expression profiles were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. Somatic mutation and DNA copy number variation of BLCA were visualized by cBioPortal. Significant survival genes were analyzed by GEPIA2. TIMER was used to evaluate the connection between candidate antigens and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify immune subtypes using the ConsensusClusterPlus package. The Monocle package was used to visualize the immune landscapes of each BLCA patient. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes for mRNA vaccines.ResultsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens for BLCA. Three immune subtypes were classified based on immune-related gene expression profiles. Patients with the BCS2 subtype were characterized as immune “cold” and exhibited upregulation of immunogenic cell death modulators, whereas patients with BCS1 and BCS3 were immune “hot” and had upregulation of immune checkpoints. Interestingly, patients with the BCS2 subtype had a better prognosis than other subtypes. The immune landscapes of each patient were visualized and revealed the heterogeneity within the BCS1 subtype. Finally, 13 key immune genes were identified.ConclusionsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens, and patients with the BCS2 and BCS1A subtypes were identified as candidate populations for mRNA vaccines. In summary, this study provides novel insights and a theoretical basis for mRNA vaccine development in BLCA and other malignancies.</p

Image_1_Identification of Novel Tumor Antigens and the Immune Landscapes of Bladder Cancer Patients for mRNA Vaccine Development.tif

BackgroundmRNA vaccines are a novel technology that provide a potential strategy for cancer treatment. However, few studies exist that are focused on the application and development of mRNA vaccines in bladder cancer (BLCA). Therefore, this study filtered candidate antigens and specific mRNA-suitable populations in BLCA via comprehensive multi-omics analysis.MethodsClinical information, follow-up information, and gene expression profiles were obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases. Somatic mutation and DNA copy number variation of BLCA were visualized by cBioPortal. Significant survival genes were analyzed by GEPIA2. TIMER was used to evaluate the connection between candidate antigens and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to identify immune subtypes using the ConsensusClusterPlus package. The Monocle package was used to visualize the immune landscapes of each BLCA patient. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes for mRNA vaccines.ResultsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens for BLCA. Three immune subtypes were classified based on immune-related gene expression profiles. Patients with the BCS2 subtype were characterized as immune “cold” and exhibited upregulation of immunogenic cell death modulators, whereas patients with BCS1 and BCS3 were immune “hot” and had upregulation of immune checkpoints. Interestingly, patients with the BCS2 subtype had a better prognosis than other subtypes. The immune landscapes of each patient were visualized and revealed the heterogeneity within the BCS1 subtype. Finally, 13 key immune genes were identified.ConclusionsAP2S1, P3H4, and RAC3 were identified as candidate tumor-specific antigens, and patients with the BCS2 and BCS1A subtypes were identified as candidate populations for mRNA vaccines. In summary, this study provides novel insights and a theoretical basis for mRNA vaccine development in BLCA and other malignancies.</p