Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin-encapsulated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier for Antibacterial Efficacy via Targeted Drug Delivery

Surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) with antibiotics is a novel approach that opens the door to drug delivery applications. In the present work, we report iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. As-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) , energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The poly-shaped Fe2O3 NPs of size (34 ± 10) nm with hematite (α-Fe2O3) phase were synthesized. The antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol and gentamicin and their formulation with encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated by the agar well diffusion technique. Drug-encapsulated Fe2O3 NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains, possibly in a dose-dependent manner. Significant effectiveness was confirmed by the increase in the single range of inhibition against the tested microorganisms. Furthermore, the effect of iron oxide nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 1 to 9 μg/μL on bacterial growth was examined.</p

Evaluation of the crop insurance performance in Haryana/ Ocena efektów działania programu ubezpieczeń upraw w stanie Haryana

Subject and purpose of the work: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the overall physical and financial performance of the crop insurance schemes in Haryana. Materials and methods: The study was purely based on secondary data collected from the Department of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare Union of Haryana. The compound annual growth rate and the percentage method have been used to analyse the performance of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana. Results: The compound annual growth rate of benefited farmers was higher in the Rabi crop (28%), and in the same way, the overall area covered (1.4%) was also higher in the Rabi crop. The non-loanee farmers adopted Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) without any kind of loan in any scheme such as the Kisan credit card. The growth rates of non-loanee farmers of Rabi and Kharif crops were observed at 143.2% and 184.3% which was highly satisfactory. Loanee farmers were already large in number since the commencement of PMFBY. Conclusions: It was found that the parameters such as area covered, loanee, non-loanee farmers and the number of beneficiaries of Rabi and Kharif crops increased and had a significant effect on the farmer’s coverage over the years. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana gives a positive assurance to farmers. As the number of beneficiaries of this scheme increases and farmers have the assurance that if their crop is damaged due to natural calamities their claim will be settled, they will use a high-yielding variety of seeds, pesticides, herbicides, and new technology, thus production and productivity will increase. They play a vital role in the coverage of cultivated area and will ultimately decide to participate in crop insurance. Hence, this scheme has proved effective in maintaining the farmer’s interest in crop insurance and ensuring the timely settlement of claims, which has been the main driving force in retaining farmers under crop insurance.Przedmiot i cel opracowania: Celem badania jest ocena ogólnych efektów fizycznych i wyników finansowych działania systemów ubezpieczenia upraw w stanie Haryana. Materiały i metody: W badaniu wykorzystano wyłącznie na dane wtórne pozyskane z Departamentu Rolnictwa i Spraw Socjalnych Rolników w stanie Haryana. Do analizy wydajności programu Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana wykorzystano skumulowany roczny wskaźnik wzrostu (compound annual growth rate, CAGR) i metodę procentową. Wyniki: Skumulowany roczny wskaźnik wzrostu wśród rolników korzystających ze świadczeń była wyższa w odniesieniu do upraw rabi (28%), podobnie jak ogólna powierzchnia upraw objętych ubezpieczeniem (1,4%). Rolników niebędących pożyczkobiorcami zdefiniowano jako rolników, którzy przystąpili do ubezpieczenia PMFBY bez zaciągania jakiejkolwiek pożyczki w jakimkolwiek programie, takim jak np. karta kredytowa Kisan. Wskaźnik wzrostu wśród rolników niebędących pożyczkobiorcami wyniósł odpowiednio 143,2% i 184,3% w odniesieniu do upraw rabi i kharif, co jest wynikiem wysoce zadowalającym. Rolnicy będący pożyczkobiorcami stanowili liczną grupę już od samego początku działania programu PMFBY. Wnioski: Wykazano, że parametry takie jak obszar upraw objętych ubezpieczeniem, liczba rolników będących pożyczkobiorcami, liczba rolników niebędących pożyczkobiorcami oraz liczba beneficjentów w odniesieniu do upraw rabi i kharif wzrastały i na przestrzeni lat miały istotny wpływ na powierzchnię upraw objętych ubezpieczeniem przez rolników. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana daje rolnikom pozytywne poczucie pewności. Liczba beneficjentów tego programu rośnie, a rolnicy zyskują pewność, że – jeżeli ich uprawy zostaną zniszczone w wyniku klęsk żywiołowych – ich roszczenia zostaną zaspokojone, zatem są bardziej skłonni stosować wysokowydajną odmianę nasion, pestycydy, herbicydy i nową technologię, dzięki czemu wzrasta produkcja i produktywność. Te dwa czynniki odgrywają istotną rolę w powiększaniu obszaru upraw objętych ubezpieczeniem i ostatecznie skłaniają rolników do przystąpieniu do programu ubezpieczeń. Program ten okazał się zatem skuteczny w podtrzymywaniu zainteresowania rolników ubezpieczeniem upraw i zapewnianiu terminowego zaspokajania roszczeń, co było główną siłą napędową utrzymywania ubezpieczenia upraw wśród rolników

Progress of crop insurance schemes in Haryana, India

Subject and purpose of the work: The paper examines the progress of crops under the crop insurance scheme in Haryana State of India. Materials and Methods: The study is based on secondary data over a period of 16 years, since the launching of crop insurance schemes in Haryana. In 2004, the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme was started, then the Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme and in 2016 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana were launched. We collected seasonal information regarding the number of farmers, sums insured, premiums paid, claims, etc., in order to analyse the percentage of loanee and non-loanee farmers. Results: The study revealed a positive performance of loanee farmers, non-loanee farmers and the area covered, the number of beneficiaries and claims paid to insured farmers from the beginning of crop insurance as referred in the paper. Conclusions: This study has shown that there is a positive performance of National Agriculture Insurance (NAIS), Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) in Haryana

EVALUATION OF THE CROP INSURANCE PERFORMANCE IN HARYANA

Subject and purpose of the work: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the overall physical and financial performance of the crop insurance schemes in Haryana. Materials and methods: The study was purely based on secondary data collected from the Department of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare Union of Haryana. The compound annual growth rate and the percentage method have been used to analyse the performance of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana. Results: The compound annual growth rate of benefited farmers was higher in the Rabi crop (28%), and in the same way, the overall area covered (1.4%) was also higher in the Rabi crop. The non-loanee farmers adopted Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) without any kind of loan in any scheme such as the Kisan credit card. The growth rates of non-loanee farmers of Rabi and Kharif crops were observed at 143.2% and 184.3% which was highly satisfactory. Loanee farmers were already large in number since the commencement of PMFBY. Conclusions: It was found that the parameters such as area covered, loanee, non-loanee farmers and the number of beneficiaries of Rabi and Kharif crops increased and had a significant effect on the farmer’s coverage over the years. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana gives a positive assurance to farmers. As the number of beneficiaries of this scheme increases and farmers have the assurance that if their crop is damaged due to natural calamities their claim will be settled, they will use a high-yielding variety of seeds, pesticides, herbicides, and new technology, thus production and productivity will increase. They play a vital role in the coverage of cultivated area and will ultimately decide to participate in crop insurance. Hence, this scheme has proved effective in maintaining the farmer’s interest in crop insurance and ensuring the timely settlement of claims, which has been the main driving force in retaining farmers under crop insurance

Progress of crop insurance schemes in Haryana, India / Postępy w realizacji programów ubezpieczeń upraw w stanie Hariana w Indiach

Subject and purpose of the work: The paper examines the progress of crops under the crop insurance scheme in Haryana State of India. Materials and Methods: The study is based on secondary data over a period of 16 years, since the launching of crop insurance schemes in Haryana. In 2004, the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme was started, then the Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme and in 2016 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana were launched. We collected seasonal information regarding the number of farmers, sums insured, premiums paid, claims, etc., in order to analyse the percentage of loanee and non-loanee farmers. Results: The study revealed a positive performance of loanee farmers, non-loanee farmers and the area covered, the number of beneficiaries and claims paid to insured farmers from the beginning of crop insurance as referred in the paper. Conclusions: This study has shown that there is a positive performance of National Agriculture Insurance (NAIS), Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) in Haryana.Przedmiot i cel pracy: W artykule przeanalizowano rozwój upraw w ramach programu ubezpieczenia upraw w stanie Hariana w Indiach. Materiały i metody: Badanie opiera się na danych wtórnych z okresu 16 lat, czyli od momentu uruchomienia programów ubezpieczeń upraw w stanie Hariana. W 2004 roku uruchomiono krajowy program ubezpieczeń rolniczych, następnie zmodyfikowany krajowy program ubezpieczeń rolniczych, a w 2016 roku Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana. Zebraliśmy informacje sezonowe dotyczące liczby rolników, sum ubezpieczenia, płaconych składek, szkód itp. w celu przeanalizowania odsetka rolników korzystających i niekorzystających z pożyczek. Wyniki: Badanie wykazało pozytywne wyniki rolników korzystających z pożyczek, rolników nie korzystających z pożyczek oraz obszarów objętych ubezpieczeniem, liczby beneficjentów i odszkodowań wypłaconych ubezpieczonym rolnikom od początku istnienia ubezpieczenia upraw do chwili obecnej. Wnioski: Badanie to wykazało, że w stanie Hariana odnotowano pozytywne wyniki krajowego programu ubezpieczeń rolniczych (NAIS), zmodyfikowanego krajowego programu ubezpieczeń rolniczych (MNAIS) oraz programu Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)