Design of RF Low Noise Amplifier at 2GHz in 0.18μm Technology

A 2GHz Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) has been implemented in Cadence Spectre RF tool on UMC 0.18μm technology and is designed using a modified Cascode topology to work under reduced power supply. The input and output matching network is matched to 50Ω. After simulation it is found that at resonance frequency of 2GHz, the forward gain is 18.22dB and reverse isolation is -40.86dB

Faunal diversity of aquatic insects in Surha Tal of District - Ballia (U. P.), India

Diversity of aquatic insect fauna of Surha Tal, district Ballia (U.P.) was studied during 2006-08. Twenty nine species of aquatic insect were collected. In class insect four orders namely Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata and Diptera belonging to fourteen families Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophlidae Notonectidae, Palaeidae, Nepidae, Belostomatidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae. Gomphidae, Libellulidae, Coegrionidae. Chironomidae, Culicidae having twenty genera and twenty nine species were identified

Molluscan Fauna of Surha Tal, District - Ballia (U. P.), India

Diversity of molluscan fauna of Surha Tal, district Ballia (U.P.) was studied during 2006-08.Twenty species of molluscs were collected. Of these, fourteen species of six genera belong to class Gastropoda, families Viviparidae, Pilidae, Thiaridae, Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae; six species belonging to three genera are of families of the class Bivalvia; Unionidae, Amblemidae and Corbiculidae

A Series Solution Framework for Finite-time Optimal Feedback Control, H-infinity Control and Games

The Bolza-form of the finite-time constrained optimal control problem leads to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation with terminal boundary conditions and tobe- determined parameters. In general, it is a formidable task to obtain analytical and/or numerical solutions to the HJB equation. This dissertation presents two novel polynomial expansion methodologies for solving optimal feedback control problems for a class of polynomial nonlinear dynamical systems with terminal constraints. The first approach uses the concept of higher-order series expansion methods. Specifically, the Series Solution Method (SSM) utilizes a polynomial series expansion of the cost-to-go function with time-dependent coefficient gains that operate on the state variables and constraint Lagrange multipliers. A significant accomplishment of the dissertation is that the new approach allows for a systematic procedure to generate optimal feedback control laws that exactly satisfy various types of nonlinear terminal constraints. The second approach, based on modified Galerkin techniques for the solution of terminally constrained optimal control problems, is also developed in this dissertation. Depending on the time-interval, nonlinearity of the system, and the terminal constraints, the accuracy and the domain of convergence of the algorithm can be related to the order of truncation of the functional form of the optimal cost function. In order to limit the order of the expansion and still retain improved midcourse performance, a waypoint scheme is developed. The waypoint scheme has the dual advantages of reducing computational efforts and gain-storage requirements. This is especially true for autonomous systems. To illustrate the theoretical developments, several aerospace application-oriented examples are presented, including a minimum-fuel orbit transfer problem. Finally, the series solution method is applied to the solution of a class of partial differential equations that arise in robust control and differential games. Generally, these problems lead to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) equation. A method is presented that allows this partial differential equation to be solved using the structured series solution approach. A detailed investigation, with several numerical examples, is presented on the Nash and Pareto-optimal nonlinear feedback solutions with a general terminal payoff. Other significant applications are also discussed for one-dimensional problems with control inequality constraints and parametric optimization

Fish fauna of Surha Tal of District-Ballia (U.P.), India

The present study on survey of Surha Tal of district Ballia, U. P. for fish fauna showed the presence of 59 species belonging to 40 genera of 22 families and 8 orders

A study on physico-chemical parameters of Dah lake water, District-Ballia (U.P.), India

The back water of river Saryu is a prime source of water for Dah Lake, located in Ballia district, have been studied to project the pristinety of water with respect to different pollution sensitive parameters i.e. organic pollutants– BOD, DO, COD, Inorganic pollutants - Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, pH, total alkalinity, Chloride, Total hardness etc. The pH (7.68), total alkalinity (180.5 mg/l), Chloride (133.12 mg/l), Total hardness(139.83 mg/l), Calcium (60.26 mg/l) and Magnesium hardness (19.38 mg/l) were found well within the prescribed standard for drinking water (BIS 10500:1991) during the study period i.e. April 2006- March 2008. The study inferred that the water quality of Dah Lake is still free from the any kind of pollutants, must be due to its higher assimilative capacity. It also indicates the higher potential for pisiculture and drinking water sources (after disinfection) for the nearby villages which may ultimately improve the economic condition of the surrounding habitation

Confirmation of Radish Isolate of Turnip mosaic virus in India through biological and serological evidences

Background and Objective: Oilseed brassica are one of the most exploited agricultural commodities in International trade with diversified use in human and animal consumption besides their potential use in producing green energy in the form of biofuels. Turnip mosaic virus is one of the limiting factors for declining oil content in brassica. The present studies were therefore conducted to confirm the presence of this important virus in brassica through biological and serological assays. Materials and Methods: A total of 518 samples collected from 84 locations spanning across 5 states and 1 union territory from symptomatic plants were collected and assayed in DAS-ELISA using Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) specific polyclonal antiserum. Biological and serological host range of the virus isolate was established and different varieties/breeding lines of oilseed brassica were screened for developing a resistance panel against TuMV. Results: Turnip mosaic virus incidence ranged between 0.6-8.3% in oilseed brassica and 0.2-17.6% in crucifer vegetables. Turnip mosaic virus was recorded in very high concentration from radish as indicated by the optical density values. Mustard variety Tender Green was established as the best propagative host of Indian radish isolate of Turnip mosaic virus. Out of 32 varieties/breeding lines of oilseed brassica collected from different sources in India, 25 varieties/lines were found to be susceptible to Turnip mosaic virus under glasshouse conditions and DAS-ELISA further confirmed these findings. Conclusion: A radish isolate of Turnip mosaic virus has been identified on the basis of biological and serological assays and results obtained for screening of brassica germplasm against Turnip mosaic virus are expected to help in ascertaining the sources of resistance against this virus

Impact of cropping systems on physico-chemical characteristics of surface water during different seasons in Shimla region of Himachal Pradesh

The present investigations were carried out in the year 2014 with an objective to find out the impact of different cropping systems on nearby surface water resources in Shimla region of Himachal Pradesh. The aim of the study was to monitor the surface water bodies for pollution caused by nearby cropping systems in the Shimla area. In this study fruit, fruit + vegetable, vegetable and cereal based cropping systems were selected along with control (uncultivated land) and sampling was done during winter, summer and rainy seasons. The estimated water quality parameters revealed very less organic pollution and pH values were within the BIS prescribed limits of 6.5-8.5. Under vegetable based cropping system EC (500.23 µS cm?1), TDS (329.17 mg/l), BOD (1.48 mg/l), COD (31.09 mg/l), Cl- (25.66 mg/l), Ca (75.59 mg/l) and Mg (11.14 mg/l) were in high concentration, whereas No3- content were high under fruit + vegetable based cropping system. DO were maximum (8.61mg/l) under uncultivated land. Calcium and COD were high in some samples, which could be from anthropogenic sources, rest of the parameters were within the desirable limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The experimental data were statistically analysed through Analysis of variance (two way classification of data) indicated positive correlation among most of the physical and chemical parameters. Study reveals that cropping systems as well as seasonal changes has affected the water quality. The study carried out for water quality parameters, revealed the correlation of each parameter with one another under different cropping systems

Comparative analysis of fibreoptic bronchoscope aided cytohistological techniques in diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of lung

Background: Morbidity and mortality from chronic lung diseases are increasing worldwide. A combination of various cytological and histopathological techniques are required for the high diagnostic accuracy. This study aims to evaluate and compare diagnostic accuracy of fiberoptic bronchoscope aided cytohistological techniques such as BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), TBNA (Transbronchoscopic needle aspiration) and FB (forceps biopsy) in diseases of lung. Method: A prospective study conducted on 100 patients with symptoms and signs of various respiratory diseases who underwent fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Diagnostic accuracy of various samples alone and in combination were analysed. Results: Sensitivity of BAL-24%, TBNA 64% and FB 66%. Addition of BAL to FB increased the sensitivity to 69%. Addition of BAL to TBNA increased the sensitivity to 70%. Sensitivity of cytological methods (FB and TBNA) 90%. Addition of both BAL and TBNA to FB increased overall senstivity to 93%. FB the most specific amongst the three techniques with specificity of 94% followed by TBNA (59.4%) and BAL (50%). Conclusions: There are variable results regarding diagnostic yields and utilities of various fibre-optic bronchoscope aided cytohistological techniques but there combination adds the yields. Thus a combination of various cytohistological samples should be taken in a patient undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination to increase the diagnostic yield, to cut short the diagnostic time and early start of treatment