Tracking Inter-Regional Carbon Flows: A Hybrid Network Model

The mitigation of anthropogenic carbon emissions has moved beyond the local scale because they diffuse across boundaries, and the consumption that triggers emissions has become regional and global. A precondition of effective mitigation is to explicitly assess inter-regional transfer of emissions. This study presents a hybrid network model to track inter-regional carbon flows by combining network analysis and input–output analysis. The direct, embodied, and controlled emissions associated with regions are quantified for assessing various types of carbon flow. The network-oriented metrics called “controlled emissions” is proposed to cover the amount of carbon emissions that can be mitigated within a region by adjusting its consumption. The case study of the Jing–Jin–Ji Area suggests that CO₂ emissions embodied in products are only partially controlled by a region from a network perspective. Controlled carbon accounted for about 70% of the total embodied carbon flows, while household consumption only controlled about 25% of Beijing’s emissions, much lower than its proportion of total embodied carbon. In addition to quantifying emissions, the model can pinpoint the dominant processes and sectors of emissions transfer across regions. This technique is promising for searching efficient pathways of coordinated emissions control across various regions connected by trade

Changing Urban Carbon Metabolism over Time: Historical Trajectory and Future Pathway

Cities are expected to play a major role in carbon emissions mitigation. A key step in decoupling urban economy from carbon emissions is to understand the full impact of socioeconomic development on urban metabolism over time. Herein, we establish a system-based framework for modeling the variation of urban carbon metabolism through time by integrating a metabolic flow inventory, input–output model, and network analysis. Using Beijing as a case study, we track the historical trajectory of carbon flows embodied in urban final consumption over 1985–2012. We find that while the tendency of increase in direct carbon emission continues within this time frame, consumption-based carbon footprint might have peaked around 2010. Significant transitions in emission intensity and roles sectors play in transferring carbon over the period are important signs of decoupling urban development from carbonization. Our further analysis of driving factors reveals a strong competition between efficiency gains and consumption level rise, showing a cumulative contribution of −584% and 494% to total carbon footprint, respectively. Projection into a future pathway suggests there is still a great potential for carbon mitigation for the city, but a strong mitigation plan is required to achieve such decarbonization before 2030. By bridging temporal metabolic model and socioeconomic planning, this framework fills one of the main gaps between monitoring of urban metabolism and design of a low-carbon economy

Network Environ Perspective for Urban Metabolism and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Vienna, Austria

Cities are considered major contributors to global warming, where carbon emissions are highly embedded in the overall urban metabolism. To examine urban metabolic processes and emission trajectories we developed a carbon flux model based on Network Environ Analysis (NEA). The mutual interactions and control situation within the urban ecosystem of Vienna were examined, and the system-level properties of the city’s carbon metabolism were assessed. Regulatory strategies to minimize carbon emissions were identified through the tracking of the possible pathways that affect these emission trajectories. Our findings suggest that indirect flows have a strong bearing on the mutual and control relationships between urban sectors. The metabolism of a city is considered self-mutualistic and sustainable only when the local and distal environments are embraced. Energy production and construction were found to be two factors with a major impact on carbon emissions, and whose regulation is only effective via ad-hoc pathways. In comparison with the original life-cycle tracking, the application of NEA was better at revealing details from a mechanistic aspect, which is crucial for informed sustainable urban management

Nonzero-Sum Relationships in Mitigating Urban Carbon Emissions: A Dynamic Network Simulation

The “stove-pipe” way of thinking has been mostly used in mitigating carbon emissions and managing socioeconomics because of its convenience of implementation. However, systems-oriented approaches become imperative in pursuit of an efficient regulation of carbon emissions from systems as complicated as urban systems. The aim of this paper is to establish a dynamic network approach that is capable of assessing the effectiveness of carbon emissions mitigation in a more holistic way. A carbon metabolic network is constructed by modeling the carbon flows between economic sectors and environment. With the network shocked by interventions to the sectoral carbon flows, indirect emissions from the city are accounted for under certain carbon mitigation strategies. The nonzero-sum relationships between sectors and environmental components are identified based on utility analysis, which synthesize the nature of direct and indirect network interactions. The results of the case study of Beijing suggest that the stove-pipe mitigation strategies targeted the economic sectors might be not as efficient as they were expected. A direct cutting in material or energy import to the sectors may result in a rebound in indirect emissions and thus fails to achieve the carbon mitigation goal of the city as a whole. A promising way of foreseeing the dynamic mechanism of emissions is to analyze the nonzero-sum relationships between important urban components. Thinking cities as systems of interactions, the network approach is potentially a strong tool for appraising and filtering mitigation strategies of carbon emissions

1950-1951 Yunus Nadi mükafatı:Milli Mücadeleye ait bir hatıra:Milli Mücadele nasıl başladı?

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya Adı: Milli MücadeleUnutma İstanbul projesi İstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı'nın 2016 yılı "Yenilikçi ve Yaratıcı İstanbul Mali Destek Programı" kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Proje No: TR10/16/YNY/010

Ibutilide treatment alters mRNA levels of ER stress markers GRP78, GRP94 and calumenin in tunicamycin treated RNC.

<p>mRNA expression of GRP78, GRP94 and calumenin were analyzed by real-time PCRin RNC treated with either tunicamycin alone (model), tunicamycin pre-treated with ibutilide (treatment) or untreated cells (control). All data are shown as mean ± SE (<i>n</i> = 3 per group). **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.</p

Anion De/Intercalation in Nickel Hydroxychloride Microspheres: A Mechanistic Study of Structural Impact on Energy Storage Performance of Multianion-Containing Layered Materials

Electrochemical cation de/intercalation has long been investigated for energy-relevant applications, while anion de/intercalation is comparatively highly challenging, although promising for promoting the performance of materials. Herein, layered nickel hydroxychloride was selected as a model multianion-containing inorganic functional material to study. Hierarchical flower-like microspheres self-assembled from nanosheets were synthesized via a solvothermal method. The as-prepared nickel hydroxychloride was built up from neutral layers of [Ni­(OH)_3/3Cl_3/3] octahedra, showing an expanded interlayer spacing of 0.57 nm. With this unique microstructure, Cl^– deintercalation and OH^– intercalation were accomplished through an effective nonelectrochemical process. The nickel hydroxychloride Ni­(OH)_0.99Cl_1.01 with a maximum Cl^– ion content was found to possess the largest interlayer spacing, which when first employed as electrode materials for supercapacitor, delivered an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 3831 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. For the latter case, Ni­(OH)_2.18(H₃O)_0.18 with a maximum OH^– content showed a specific capacitance of 1489 F/g at 1 A/g. Expanded interlayer spacing associated with the anion de/intercalation is the key that enhances ion diffusion kinetics between layers. The methodology of anion de/intercalation reported in this work would provide hints of exploring novel multianion-containing materials with anion de/intercalation necessary for high-performance energy applications

Ibutilide treatment alters protein expression of ER stress markers GRP78, GRP94 and calumenin in tunicamycin treated RNC.

<p>Protein levels GRP78 and GRP94 and calumenin were analyzed from lysates derived from RNC treated with either tunicamycin alone (model), tunicamycin and ibutilide (treatment) or untreated cardiomyocytes (control). Representative immunoblots of lysate immunoblotted with antibodies specific for (A) GRP78, (B) GRP94 or (C) Calumenin. Quantification of band densitometry is shown adjacent to the corresponding blot. All data are shown as mean ± SE (<i>n</i> = 3 per group). *p<0.5, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.</p

Optimum Preferential Oxidation Performance of CeO₂–CuO_<i>x</i>–RGO Composites through Interfacial Regulation

Interfacial regulation offers a promising route to rationally and effectively design advanced materials for CO preferential oxidation. Herein, we initiated an interfacial regulation of CeO₂–CuO_<i>x</i>–RGO composites by adjusting the addition sequence of the components during the support formation. The presence of RGO along with the sequence tuning of the components is confirmed to survey the changes of the oxidation state of copper species, the content and distribution of the Cu⁺ site, and the synergistic interactions between Cu–Ce mixed oxides and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) over the catalysts. These catalysts were systematically characterized by inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy/high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, thermal gravimetric analysis, Raman spectra, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements. The results show that RGO is favorable for the generation of Cu⁺ and the dispersion of copper–cerium species in the as-prepared catalysts. Furthermore, by multi-interfacial regulation of the CeO₂–CuO_<i>x</i>–RGO composites, the catalyst CeO₂/CuO_<i>x</i>–RGO exhibits a strikingly high catalytic oxidation activity at a low temperature coupled with a broader operation temperature window (i.e., CO conversion >99.0%, 140–220 °C) in the CO-selective oxidation reaction, which has been attributed to the high content of the active species Cu⁺ enriched on the surface, the highly dispersed copper oxide clusters subjected to a strong interaction with ceria, and the synergistic interactions between Cu–Ce mixed oxides and RGO

Ibutilide treatment attenuates tunicamycin induced increase in Bax/ Bcl-2 ratio.

<p>Protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed from lysate derived from RNC treated with either tunicamycin alone (model), tunicamycin and ibutilide (treatment) or untreated cardiomyocytes (control). Representative immunoblots of lysate immunoblotted with antibodies specific for Bax or BCL-2 are shown. The quantification of normalized band densitometry of Bax was divided by that of Bcl-2 and the results are graphed. All data are shown as mean ± SE (<i>n</i> = 3 per group). *p<0.5, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.</p