Frequency and percent of maternal deaths in provincial/municipal hospitals, county hospitals township hospitals, private clinics, homes and 2001–2012.

<p>Frequency and percent of maternal deaths in provincial/municipal hospitals, county hospitals township hospitals, private clinics, homes and 2001–2012.</p

Maternal mortality due to knowledge, attitude, resource and management.

<p>Maternal mortality due to knowledge, attitude, resource and management.</p

Relative importance of 6 different direct causes of maternal death in Wuhan during 2 periods between 2001 and 2012.

<p>A: Obstetric haemorrhage, B: Pregnancy complications, C: Amniotic fluid embolism, D: Gestational hypertension, E: Anesthetic accident, Ectopic pregnancy, Other.</p

The maternal mortality ratios in 2001–2012 for Wuhan and all cities in China combined.

<p>The maternal mortality ratios in 2001–2012 for Wuhan and all cities in China combined.</p

ORs for LBW by weight gain and pre pregnant BMI.

<p>*Adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, infant gender. Smoking was not one confounding factor because of no smoking women.</p><p>ORs for LBW by weight gain and pre pregnant BMI.</p

Total maternal weight gain in Chinese women of different pre pregnancy BMI.

<p>Total maternal weight gain in Chinese women of different pre pregnancy BMI.</p

The differences between IOM and Chinese-recommended weight gain by BMI Categories.

<p>The differences between IOM and Chinese-recommended weight gain by BMI Categories.</p

Characteristics of women and infant.

<p>Characteristics of women and infant.</p

Scatter diagram of birth weight and weight gain.

<p>Scatter diagram of birth weight and weight gain.</p

Association between maternal family history of hypertension and preterm birth: modification by noise exposure and multivitamin intake

To measure the effect of maternal family history of hypertension on preterm birth (PTB) and to identify factors that modified this association. A case-control study was nested in a prospective cohort of the entire pregnant population in Wuhan, China, from 2011 to 2013. Home-visit interviews were scheduled for all PTBs and their controls, to collect extensive information on maternal exposures to behavioral, environmental, and intergenerational risk factors of PTB. The effects of maternal family history of hypertension on PTB were measured by logistic regression analyses, controlling for potential confounders. Potential effect modifiers were examined using stratified analyses. There were 2393 PTBs and 4263 full-term births out of all eligible births. A positive association was observed between maternal family history of hypertension and PTB, after adjusted for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 1.17 [1.03, 1.33]). A higher effect was observed when mothers were exposed to certain noise during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.37 [1.14, 1.65]) and/or when they did not take multivitamins during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.46 [1.20, 1.78]), whereas, this association was weaker and no longer significant when mothers took multivitamins during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.00 [0.84, 1.19]) and/or when they were not exposed to certain noise during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.01 [0.85, 1.12]). The modification effect from maternal multivitamin intake was significant on both spontaneous and medically indicated PTBs, and the modification effect from maternal exposure to certain noise was only significant on spontaneous PTB. Increased PTB risk was observed for pregnant women with a family history of hypertension in Wuhan, China. This effect was stronger when pregnant women did not take multivitamin and/or exposed to certain noise during pregnancy, than those who took multivitamin and/or unexposed to certain noise.</p