A Role for the Nucleosome Assembly Proteins TAF-Iβ and NAP1 in the Activation of BZLF1 Expression and Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

<div><p>The reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from latent to lytic infection begins with the expression of the viral BZLF1 gene, leading to a subsequent cascade of viral gene expression and amplification of the EBV genome. Using RNA interference, we show that nucleosome assembly proteins NAP1 and TAF-I positively contribute to EBV reactivation in epithelial cells through the induction of BZLF1 expression. In addition, overexpression of NAP1 or the β isoform of TAF-I (TAF-Iβ) in AGS cells latently infected with EBV was sufficient to induce BZLF1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments performed in AGS-EBV cells showed that TAF-I associated with the BZLF1 promoter upon lytic induction and affected local histone modifications by increasing H3K4 dimethylation and H4K8 acetylation. MLL1, the host protein known to dimethylate H3K4, was found to associate with the BZLF1 promoter upon lytic induction in a TAF-I-dependent manner, and MLL1 depletion decreased BZLF1 expression, confirming its contribution to lytic reactivation. The results indicate that TAF-Iβ promotes BZLF1 expression and subsequent lytic infection by affecting chromatin at the BZLF1 promoter.</p></div

Comparison of results from Leech [1] and Millar [11] (sorted according to the gap).

Comparison of results from Leech [1] and Millar [11] (sorted according to the gap).</p

Usage trends of each median value Chinese modal verbs.

Usage trends of each median value Chinese modal verbs.</p

Relative frequency of Chinese modal verbs in the Google Books corpus (per million words).

Relative frequency of Chinese modal verbs in the Google Books corpus (per million words).</p

Pt-Frame@Ni <i>quasi</i> Core–Shell Concave Octahedral PtNi₃ Bimetallic Nanocrystals for Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution

PtNi₃ bimetallic concave octahedrons with a majority of platinum atoms deposited on the frames were synthesized in ethylene glycol solution. The high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAAD-STEM) characterizations and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveal that the Pt frames have a thickness of less than 2 nm, which surround a nickel core thus forming a <i>quasi</i> core–shell concave octahedral nanoparticle (NP). The element-specific anisotropic growth followed by the nanoscale phase segregation and subsequent oxidation of Ni riched facets are responsible for the formation of the concave nanostructure. The PtNi₃ <i>quasi</i> core–shell concave octahedrons exhibit substantially enhanced electrocatalytic properties toward methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution reaction compared with that of the commercial Pt/C, suggesting that the Ni riched Pt–Ni NPs can be used as a potential candidate for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts with the low utilization of Pt

The change between 1950s and 1940s.

The change between 1950s and 1940s.</p

The change between 1940s and 1930s.

The change between 1940s and 1930s.</p

Types of Chinese modal verbs (updated based on Ma [32]).

Types of Chinese modal verbs (updated based on Ma [32]).</p

Usage trends of all Chinese modal verbs.

Usage trends of all Chinese modal verbs.</p