Immunotherapy of Metastatic Mouse Breast Cancer by Adherent Splenocytes Pulsed With Extracts of Heated Tumor Cells and Lactobacillus Casei

Introduction: Flask-adherent Splenocytes (SACs) fulfill antigen-presenting cell requirementsof acquired immune responses. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of newimmunotherapy against breast cancer made by SACs pulsed with the extract of heated 4T1cells and Lactobacillus casei, as a probiotic.Materials and Methods: Mammary carcinoma was induced by injection of 4T1 cell line inthe flank of female Balb/c mice. The first SACs therapy was started on day 11 after tumorinduction when all animals had developed a palpable tumor. SACs therapy was done twice ata 10-day interval.Results: Mice with mammary tumors received SACs pulsed with combined heated 4T1 cellsand L. casei determined a more desirable survival curve and a slower rate of tumor developmentcompared to the other groups. At least 20% of the group receiving combined immunotherapywere alive by day 58. Those mice receiving SACs pulsed with the Lysate of heated tumorcells died by day 45.The maximum survival of other mice was up to 38 days after tumorinduction. Moreover, SAC pulsed with combined agents significantly amplified the secretionof Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and conversely reduced the secretion of Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) in the splenocyte population compared to splenocytes fromother groups. Combined immunotherapy increased the expression of p53 and caspase 3 genesand reduced the exertion of BCL2 more than other immunotherapy protocols.Conclusion: Immunotherapy with SACs pulsed with heated 4T1 cells and L. casei promotesbeneficial outcomes in the mouse model of breast cancer

Expression of Anti- Apoptotic Gene ( BARF1) and Immunomodulatory Gene (BCRF1) For Epstein Barr Virus in Chronic Active EBV Patients

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a herpes virus with double-stranded DNA enclosed by proteins. The envelope of the virus has glycoproteins, which are important for attachment and entry into the host cells (B cells and epithelial cells). EBV targets B cells by utilizing their molecular machinery to replicate the viral genome. The virus causes B cells to differentiate into memory B cells, which then can move into the circulatory system, or become latent until a trigger causes reactivation. The transmission of the Epstein Barr virus occurs in several ways, such as deep kissing or food-sharing. Increased levels of viral DNA are found in salivary secretions after the initial infection. Children can be infected after eating food that has already been chewed by an EBV infected individual. The transmission has occurred through stem cell and organ transplantation, as well as blood transfusion. EBV has several associated complications, One dangerous complication is splenic rupture due to infectious mononucleosis. Aim of the Study: To Estimation the immunemodulatory and  Oncogenes for Epstein Barr Virus Associated with Viral Tumorigenesis in Chronic Active EBV Patients By  Detection of  EBV IgG in all samples , Estimation the expression of  antiapoptotic gene ( BARF1) and immunomodulatory gene (BCRF1).  Result: The study showed there are high significant between the patient group with different inflammation disease in addition infected with virus compare with have not disease When detection genetically about the virus in sample of infected by EBV the presence of genes has been diagnosed  BARF1 and  BCRF1  in patient\u27s group

Učinak različitih biljnih ekstrakata na aktivnost hidrolaze žučnih soli sojeva bakterije Lactobacillus izolirane iz probavnog sustava peradi

The bile salt hydrolysis (BSH) enzyme weakens fat metabolism through bile salt deconjugation and reduces poultry performance, in order to cope with the antibacterial properties of the bile. Therefore, reducing the activity of this enzyme through the use of feed additives is probably a promising alternative to antibiotics for improving poultry performance. Plant extracts have long been used as feed additives for promoting poultry growth. In the current experiment, five Lactobacillus strains including Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus lactis, and Lactobacillus returi were obtained from the poultry hindgut and were used as the probiotic application. A plate test and two-step enzymatic reaction method were used for deconjugation activity determination of the Lactobacillus strains. Further, four plant extracts (i.e., the aerial parts of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa), Berberis vulgaris root, and Green tea) were examined in terms of BSH enzyme inhibitors using the cell-free extracts as the potential antibiotic alternative. Furthermore, the gallbladders of the broilers were freshly collected from the poultry slaughterhouses, and their contents were extracted. The results showed that all Lactobacillus strains could hydrolyze the taurocholate acid (TCA) and chicken bile salt mixture (CBSM) to unconjugated bile acid. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of B. vulgaris root and Green tea relatively reduced the activity of the BSH enzyme that could potentially be investigated as an appropriate alternative in poultry feed in vivo. In conclusion, all five Lactobacillus strains were resistant to bile salts (i.e. TCA and CBSM) by BSH activity, and the addition of Green tea and B. vulgaris root extracts to the bacterial medium demonstrated inhibitory effects against the BSH enzyme.Enzimi hidrolaze žučnih soli (BSH) oslabljuju metabolizam masti dekonjugacijom žučnih soli što dovodi do smanjenja proizvodnosti u peradi. Smanjenje aktivnosti ovog enzima, upotrebom dodataka prehrani, mogla bi biti obećavajuća alternativa za primjenu određenih antibiotika u peradarstvu. Biljni ekstrakti dugo se upotrebljavaju kao dodaci prehrani za poticanje rasta. U ovom je istraživanju pet sojeva bakterije Lactobacillus, uključujući Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus lactis i Lactobacillus returi, dobiveno iz stražnjeg dijela crijeva peradi te upotrijebljeno kao probiotik. Test na ploči i enzimska reakcija u dva koraka primijenjene su za utvrđivanje aktivnosti dekonjugacije u sojeva Lactobacillus. Nadalje, četiri biljna ekstrakta - nadzemni dijelovi ružmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis), hibiskusa (Hibiscus sabdariffa), korijen obične žutike (Berberis vulgaris) i zeleni čaj - istraživana su s obzirom na inhibitore enzima BSH upotrebom izvanstaničnih ekstrakata kao moguća zamjena antibiotiku. Osim toga, nakon usmrćivanja, prikupljeni su svježi žučni mjehuri brojlera te je izvađen njihov sadržaj. Rezultati su pokazali da svi sojevi bakterije Lactobacillus mogu hidrolizirali tauroholatnu kiselinu i žučne soli pilića (CBSM) u nekonjugiranu žučnu kiselinu. Štoviše, ekstrakti etanola korijena B. vulgaris i zelenog čaja relativno su smanjili aktivnost BSH enzima što bi se moglo istražiti u hranidbi peradi in vivo. Zaključno, svih pet sojeva bakterije Lactobacillus bilo je otporno na žučne soli npr. tauroholičnu kiselinu (TCA) i (CBSM) putem BSH aktivnosti, a dodatak zelenog čaja i ekstrakta korijena B. vulgaris mediju s bakterijama pokazali su inhibitorne učinke protiv BSH enzima

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Artemisia dracunculus L. aqueousextract against acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in male Wistar rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which is increasing worldover due to modern life style. Patients with UC are prone to develop colorectal cancer. While the disease severity decides the treatment option, researchers look towards herbal medicines with anti-inflammatory properties for minimal or nil side effects. Artemisia dracunculus L., commonly called Tarragon, is a medicinal herb used in traditional Asian medicine mainly in Iran, India, Pakistan and Azerbaijan due to its special compounds. In this study, we tried to elucidate the effects of aqueous extract of tarragon on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Male Wistar rats were grouped into four groups of eight each viz., control; experimental control (UC was induced via luminal instillation of 4% acetic acid); and UC induced + aqueous tarragon extract (100 mg/kg) or prednisolone (2 mg/kg) orally for ten consecutive days. Tissue specimens were collected after the experimental period for evaluation of caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR was used to monitor the levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in colonic homogenates. Moreover, the levels of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide and total antioxidant capacity were measured in colonic homogenates. The results showed that both treatment regimens could similarly reduce the severity of disease symptoms. Treatment with aqueous extract of tarragon caused a better improvement (P <0.05) in the levels of myeloperoxidase enzyme, and total antioxidant capacity of colonic homogenates compared to prednisolone. Nevertheless, the levels of the expression of caspase-3, and COX-2 and TNF-α were reduced in UC rats received prednisolone more than UC rats received aqueous extract of tarragon. The was no statistical difference in the levels of nitric oxide, IL-1 and IL-6 between UC rats received tarragon extract or prednisolone. Overall, these findings suggest that the aqueous extract of tarragon is a promising strategy to control ulcerative colitis. Aqueous extract can also be used as an anti-inflammatory and immune system stimulant in conditions where the immune system is damaged

An Overview of Adjuvants and Their Interaction with the Immune System

Vaccines have been under development for over two centuries and have significantly contributed to the decline in infectious diseases and mortality rates by eliciting targeted immune responses against pathogens. Adjuvants, while typically non-immunogenic, play a vital role in modulating immune responses when combined with vaccines, reducing the necessary vaccine dosage and enhancing immune memory. Generally, vaccines are formulated with appropriate adjuvants to strengthen the immune response to the vaccine antigen and to assess their potential in preventing disease spread. Additionally, adjuvants are crucial in steering both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to foster pathogen-specific immunity. There is an increasing emphasis on utilizing advanced technologies to develop novel vaccines aimed at problematic pathogens, particularly those that show limited efficacy with conventional vaccines and outdated production techniques. An ideal adjuvant should exhibit minimal to no adverse effects and ensure safety for both short-term and long-term applications. This article provides a concise overview of adjuvants, examining their significance in autoimmune diseases, especially concerning disease progression and related challenges. Acknowledging the growing skepticism surrounding vaccines in recent years is important, with some research supporting this perspective. Furthermore, we explore the function of adjuvants in cancer vaccines, categorized as therapeutic rather than preventive, noting the substantial advancements achieved in this area

Effect of Nicotine on Immune System Function

As a parasympathetic alkaloid and the main substance in cigarette smoke, nicotine modulates the immune system, inhibits innate and acquired immunity and is used in treating many autoimmune diseases. It often stimulates the α7 receptor and causes an anti-inflammatory state in the body. This study is designed to evaluate the role of nicotine treatment on immune system. The results showed that nicotine affects many cells in immune system, alters the downstream intracellular mechanisms and changes lymphocytes polarization. This substance alters TLRs and STATs gene expression and thus changes in the innate immune system. All these events inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which increase angiogenesis and metastasis and exacerbates tumors due to increasing survival and cell growth. Nicotine can aggravate tumors in cancer patients, with many positive effects observed in the treating autoimmune disease, Nicotine treatment function in different conditions depends on factors such as concentration, how it is employed, treatment duration and other conditions such as body conditions affecting the immune system, hence, further studies and review of all conditions are required

Altered Immune Responses in Mice After Receiving Nicotine-pulsed Mesenchymal Stem Cell-conditioned Medium

Introduction: Previous investigations have documented that nicotine-pulsed mesenchymalstem cells (MSCs) can induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype in some immune cells in vitro.This study aimed to assess the effects of nicotine-pulsed MSCS in the function of immunecells, macrophages, and lymphocytes of mice receiving these cels.Materials and Methods: Bone marrow-derived MSCs (1.5×106) were seeded in a T75flaskand incubated with 0, .1, .5, or 1 μM nicotine until the cells reached 90% confluency.Afterwards, immunophenotyping change, vitality, concentration of TGF-β, IL-10, and IDOlevels of the MSC-conditioned medium were examined. Correspondent to in vitro results, theC57BL/6 mice intravenously received 400 μL of the conditioned medium of MSCs (CM),conditioned medium of nicotine (.5 μM)-pulsed MSCs (CMN), or medium. After 12 h, thelymphocytes, neutrophils, and peritoneal macrophages of the mice were isolated and theirfunction was evaluated ex vivo.Results: The least effective dose concentration of nicotine that led to an anti-inflammatoryenvironment by the MSC-conditioned medium was 0.5 μM. Nicotine at this concentrationprompted a higher level of TGF-β, IDO concentration in the conditioned medium. However,this concentration did not affect the MScs’ markers expressions or MScs’ vitality. T lymphocytesisolated from the mice receiving CMN showed a significant decrease in proliferation rate. Theratio of the IFN-γ gene expression to IL-4 gene expression in splenocytes was significantlyreduced in the mice receiving CMN compared to the mice receiving CM. The neutral reduptake, respiratory burst, and nitric oxide production of the peritoneal macrophage onlydecreased in the mice treated with CMN. These factors also decreased in neutrophils isolatedfrom mice receiving CM or CMN. However, these decreases were more prominent in the micetreated with CMN.Conclusion: Treatment of MSCs by nicotine may be a promising strategy to enhance theimmunomodulatory properties of these cells