Data_Sheet_1_Draft Genome Assembly of a Fouling Barnacle, Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854): The First Reference Genome for Thecostraca.PDF

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Table1_Anti-aging efficacy of solid-state fermented ginseng with Aspergillus cristatus and its active metabolites.DOCX

Aspergillus cristatus is a beneficial fungus of microbial fermented teas such as China’s Fuzhuan brick tea and Pu-erh tea, and is commonly called golden flower fungus (GFF) because its cleistothecium has a yellow millet or sand grain shape. Since natural materials fermented with GFF exhibit various physiological activities, a new active cosmeceutical ingredient was developed by solid-state fermentation of ginseng, a famous active material for healthy skin, with GFF. The extract of solid-state fermented ginseng with GFF (GFFG) exhibited potent anti-aging efficacy on the skin such as the increase of hyaluronic acid synthesis, aquaporin expression, and mRNA level of filaggrin in HaCaT keratinocyte. GFFG also inhibited the expression of MMP-1 increased by TNF-α in human dermal fibroblast. Sophisticated chromatographic and spectroscopic studies have elucidated isodihydroauroglaucin and flavoglaucin as the metabolites which were not present in ginseng extract nor GFF extract alone. Bioassay of these metabolites revealed that these compounds were part of active principles of GFFG. These results suggest that GFFG would be a potential active ingredient in anti-aging cosmeceutical products.</p

Recombinant Lignin Peroxidase with Superior Thermal Stability and Melanin Decolorization Efficiency in a Typical Human Skin-Mimicking Environment

Recently, the desire for a safe and effective method for skin whitening has been growing in the cosmetics industry. Commonly used tyrosinase-inhibiting chemical reagents exhibit side effects. Thus, recent studies have focused on performing melanin decolorization with enzymes as an alternative due to the low toxicity of enzymes and their ability to decolorize melanin selectively. Herein, 10 different isozymes were expressed as recombinant lignin peroxidases (LiPs) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcLiPs), and PcLiP isozyme 4 (PcLiP04) was selected due to its high stability and activity at pH 5.5 and 37 °C, which is close to human skin conditions. In vitro melanin decolorization results indicated that PcLiP04 exhibited at least 2.9-fold higher efficiency than that of well-known lignin peroxidase (PcLiP01) in a typical human skin-mimicking environment. The interaction force between melanin films measured by a surface forces apparatus (SFA) revealed that the decolorization of melanin by PcLiP04 harbors a disrupted structure, possibly interrupting π–π stacking and/or hydrogen bonds. In addition, a 3D reconstructed human pigmented epidermis skin model showed a decrease in melanin area to 59.8% using PcLiP04, which suggests that PcLiP04 exhibits a strong potential for skin whitening

Additional file 1: of De novo transcriptome assembly of brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis based on short-term cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene exposure experiments

Table S1. Summary of the library construction. Table S2. Summary of the de novo transcriptome assembly results. Table S3. Transcriptional expression analysis. Table S4. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis for the three categories. Table S5. KEGG pathway analysis for uniquely or commonly up- or downregulated transcripts in the transcriptome of Diaphanosoma celebensis. (XLSX 21456 kb

Data_Sheet_1_Solid-State Fermentation With Aspergillus cristatus Enhances the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Associated Skin Anti-aging Activity of Panax notoginseng.pdf

A metabolomics approach was used to profile metabolites of Panax notoginseng fermented with Aspergillus cristatus in two ways, liquid-state fermentation (LF-P) and solid-state fermentation (SSF-P) and examine metabolite markers representing antioxidant activity and skin anti-aging. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) contents were higher in SSF-P than in LF-P and showed a multiplicative increase over the fermentation period of four days. PPD and PPT levels also correlated with antioxidant and anti-aging effects in skin, based on the mRNA expression of dermal extracellular matrix components. In the bioactivity validation assays, PPD and PPT significantly improved the expression of type-I collagen, fibrillin-1, and elastin in human dermal fibroblasts from both young and old subjects; these were comparable with the effects of the SSF-P extracts. Overall, our results suggest that changes in the metabolites of P. notoginseng fermented with A. cristatus enhance the quality and availability of bioactive compounds associated with skin anti-aging.</p

Immune-relevant genes annotated in the <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i> transcriptome database.

Immune-relevant genes annotated in the Allobathynella bangokensis transcriptome database.</p

First Insights into the Subterranean Crustacean Bathynellacea Transcriptome: Transcriptionally Reduced Opsin Repertoire and Evidence of Conserved Homeostasis Regulatory Mechanisms

<div><p>Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) are subterranean aquatic crustaceans that typically inhabit freshwater interstitial spaces (e.g., groundwater) and are occasionally found in caves and even hot springs. In this study, we sequenced the whole transcriptome of <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i> using RNA-seq. <i>De novo</i> sequence assembly produced 74,866 contigs including 28,934 BLAST hits. Overall, the gene sequences were most similar to those of the waterflea <i>Daphnia pulex</i>. In the <i>A</i>. <i>bangokensis</i> transcriptome, no opsin or related sequences were identified, and no contig aligned to the crustacean visual opsins and non-visual opsins (i.e. arthropsins, peropsins, and melaopsins), suggesting potential regressive adaptation to the dark environment. However, <i>A</i>. <i>bangokensis</i> expressed conserved gene family sets, such as heat shock proteins and those related to key innate immunity pathways and antioxidant defense systems, at the transcriptional level, suggesting that this species has evolved adaptations involving molecular mechanisms of homeostasis. The transcriptomic information of <i>A</i>. <i>bangokensis</i> will be useful for investigating molecular adaptations and response mechanisms to subterranean environmental conditions.</p></div

Summary of the statistics from the transcriptomic analysis of the subterranean crustacean <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i>.

<p>Summary of the statistics from the transcriptomic analysis of the subterranean crustacean <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i>.</p

Antioxidant defense system in <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i>.

<p>A) Schematic diagram representing a proposed cascade for the antioxidant defense system, along with RPKM values of the <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i> transcripts coding for the corresponding enzymes in this system. B) Phylogenetic tree of glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GST) proteins from <i>A</i>. <i>bangokensis</i> and from arthropods constructed by the Bayesian method.</p

The composition of Malacostraca KEGG analysis.

<p>The compositions and percentage rankings of the A) <i>Allobathynella bangokensis</i>, B) amphipod <i>Hyalella azteca</i>, C) amphipod <i>Melita plumulosa</i>, and D) isopod <i>Asellus aquaticus</i> KEGG pathways. Detailed information is appended in the supplementary materials (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170424#pone.0170424.s009" target="_blank">S6 Table</a>).</p