Fig 6 -

Change in heart rate (A) and energy expenditure (B). Values are mean and the upper and lower limits of 95% confidence intervals. (A) *Differences between the warm-up protocols within the specified time points (from 1 to 15 min: p<0.0001, an average ES = 4.94). (B) *Differences between the warm-up protocols within the specified time points (from 7 to 38 min: p<0.0001, an average ES = 3.69).</p

Changes in blood lactate concentration.

It is unclear whether temperature-related warm-up effects can be accomplished by passive warm-up (e.g., by external heat). Therefore, this study compared the effects of two different warm-up protocols with and without voluntary contraction on subsequent sprinting and jumping performance. Eighteen healthy male collegiate students (23.3 ± 2.4 years, 173.8 ± 7.2 cm, 70.5 ± 9.3 kg) randomly experienced 10 min of active (jogging on a treadmill; belt speed: 9.0 km/h at a 1% incline) and passive warm-up (lying down in the warm-up chamber; inner ambient temperature set at 35°C) protocols, followed by ten sets of intermittent exercises in two separate sessions. Athletic performance, lower-leg muscle temperature, and blood lactate concentration were statistically compared using analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc comparisons. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) were also calculated. There was no warm-up protocol effect over time on 20 m sprint times (condition × time: F9,323 = 1.26, p = 0.25). Maximal vertical jump heights were different (condition × time: F9,323 = 2.0, p = 0.04) such that subjects who performed the active warm-up protocol jumped higher (51.4 cm) than those who did the passive warm-up (49.2 cm, p = 0.04). There was a warm-up protocol effect over time on lower-leg muscle temperature (condition × time: F12,425 = 13.99, p2,85 = 3.61, p = 0.03) since the values at the post-warm-up measurements were different between warm-up conditions (active: 4.1 mmol/L; passive: 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.004, ES = 1.69). Subsequent sprint and jump performance did not differ between the duration- and muscle temperature-matched active and passive warm-up protocols. Non-thermal effects from the warm-up activity may be minimal for sprinting and jumping performance in recreationally active males.</div

Changes in subjective fatigue perception.

It is unclear whether temperature-related warm-up effects can be accomplished by passive warm-up (e.g., by external heat). Therefore, this study compared the effects of two different warm-up protocols with and without voluntary contraction on subsequent sprinting and jumping performance. Eighteen healthy male collegiate students (23.3 ± 2.4 years, 173.8 ± 7.2 cm, 70.5 ± 9.3 kg) randomly experienced 10 min of active (jogging on a treadmill; belt speed: 9.0 km/h at a 1% incline) and passive warm-up (lying down in the warm-up chamber; inner ambient temperature set at 35°C) protocols, followed by ten sets of intermittent exercises in two separate sessions. Athletic performance, lower-leg muscle temperature, and blood lactate concentration were statistically compared using analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc comparisons. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) were also calculated. There was no warm-up protocol effect over time on 20 m sprint times (condition × time: F9,323 = 1.26, p = 0.25). Maximal vertical jump heights were different (condition × time: F9,323 = 2.0, p = 0.04) such that subjects who performed the active warm-up protocol jumped higher (51.4 cm) than those who did the passive warm-up (49.2 cm, p = 0.04). There was a warm-up protocol effect over time on lower-leg muscle temperature (condition × time: F12,425 = 13.99, p2,85 = 3.61, p = 0.03) since the values at the post-warm-up measurements were different between warm-up conditions (active: 4.1 mmol/L; passive: 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.004, ES = 1.69). Subsequent sprint and jump performance did not differ between the duration- and muscle temperature-matched active and passive warm-up protocols. Non-thermal effects from the warm-up activity may be minimal for sprinting and jumping performance in recreationally active males.</div

Change in 20-m sprint time.

Values are mean and the upper and lower limits of 95% confidence intervals. (A) No condition × time interaction (F9,323 = 1.26, p = 0.26). (B) Time effect (F9,323 = 4.15, ppp = 0.001, ES = 0.41), 8 (p = 0.01, ES = 0.38), and 10 (p = 0.002, ES = 0.42).</p

Fig 5 -

Change in the lower-leg temperature (A: skin; B: muscle). Values are mean and the upper and lower limits of 95% confidence intervals. Note that the data from 12 to 15 min (moving to the track) were separately collected in a pilot work (n = 8). (A) *Difference between the warm-up protocols within the specified time points (from 1 to 10 min: p<0.0001, an average ES = 2.12). †Difference between the warm-up protocols at post-warm-up (12 min: p<0.0001, an average ES = 1.62). (B) *Differences between the warm-up protocols within the specified time points (n = 18; from 1 to 8 min) (p<0.0001, an average ES = 1.47). †Difference between the warm-up protocols at post-warm-up (12 min: p<0.0001, an average ES = 1.11).</p

10-min warm-up protocols.

(A) Active warm-up: jogging on the treadmill (belt speed: 9.0 km/h at a 1% incline); (B) Passive warm-up: lying prone in the warm-up chamber (inner ambient temperature set as 35°C).</p

S1 Data -

It is unclear whether temperature-related warm-up effects can be accomplished by passive warm-up (e.g., by external heat). Therefore, this study compared the effects of two different warm-up protocols with and without voluntary contraction on subsequent sprinting and jumping performance. Eighteen healthy male collegiate students (23.3 ± 2.4 years, 173.8 ± 7.2 cm, 70.5 ± 9.3 kg) randomly experienced 10 min of active (jogging on a treadmill; belt speed: 9.0 km/h at a 1% incline) and passive warm-up (lying down in the warm-up chamber; inner ambient temperature set at 35°C) protocols, followed by ten sets of intermittent exercises in two separate sessions. Athletic performance, lower-leg muscle temperature, and blood lactate concentration were statistically compared using analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc comparisons. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) were also calculated. There was no warm-up protocol effect over time on 20 m sprint times (condition × time: F9,323 = 1.26, p = 0.25). Maximal vertical jump heights were different (condition × time: F9,323 = 2.0, p = 0.04) such that subjects who performed the active warm-up protocol jumped higher (51.4 cm) than those who did the passive warm-up (49.2 cm, p = 0.04). There was a warm-up protocol effect over time on lower-leg muscle temperature (condition × time: F12,425 = 13.99, p2,85 = 3.61, p = 0.03) since the values at the post-warm-up measurements were different between warm-up conditions (active: 4.1 mmol/L; passive: 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.004, ES = 1.69). Subsequent sprint and jump performance did not differ between the duration- and muscle temperature-matched active and passive warm-up protocols. Non-thermal effects from the warm-up activity may be minimal for sprinting and jumping performance in recreationally active males.</div

Change in maximal vertical jump height.

Values are mean and the upper and lower limits of 95% confidence intervals. (A) Condition × time interaction (F9,323 = 2.0, p = 0.04). *Difference between the warm-up protocols at trial 1 (p = 0.04, ES = 0.33). (B) Time effect (F9,323 = 9.19, pp = 0.001, ES = 0.26) through 10 (p<0.0001, ES = 0.38).</p

Testing procedures.

The order of warm-up protocols was determined by coin tossing during the pre-warm-up measurements at the first session. Blood lactate concentration, subjective fatigue perception, and blood pressure were assessed during the measurements (indicated with bolded boxes). After the post-warm-up measurements, subjects moved to the track for the 3-min intermittent exercises.</p

Rational Synthesis of Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Noble Metal-Free Nickel Phosphide Nanoparticles as a Highly Efficient Cocatalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Facile preparation of metal–organic framework (MOF) derived earth-abundant nickel phosphide (Ni₂P) by a simple, cost-effective procedure is described. Ni₂P is recognized as a suitable replacement for expensive noble metal cocatalysts used for H₂ production by water splitting. Ni₂P nanoparticles were used to prepare a Ni₂P/CdS composite with improved photocatalytic properties. Crystal structure and surface morphology studies showed that Ni-MOF spheres readily transform into Ni₂P particles, and TEM images indicated the presence of Ni₂P nanoparticles on CdS. The optical properties and charge carrier dynamics of the composite material exhibited better visible light absorption and improved suppression of charge carrier recombination. X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the presence of Ni₂P on CdS. The synthesized materials were tested for photocatalytic hydrogen production with lactic acid as a scavenger under irradiation in a solar simulator. The rate of H₂ production with Ni₂P/CdS was 62 times greater than that with pure CdS. The superior activity of the composite material is attributed to the ability of Ni₂P to separate the photoexcited charge carriers from CdS and provide good electrical conductivity. The optimized composite material also exhibited better photocatalytic activity than Pt cocatalyzed CdS. Based on the experimental results, a possible electron–hole transfer mechanism is proposed