The complete mitochondrial genome of <i>Clonostachys farinosa</i> (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Clonostachys farinosa was assembled using the strain CSC22A0184 that was isolated from the lichen Parmotrema clavuliferum. The total length of the mitogenome was 51,551 bp and contained 49 genes: 15 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 26 transfer RNA genes, and six open reading frames. The GC content of the mitogenome was 28.5% and had a base composition of 36.4% A, 12.6% C, 15.9% G, and 35.1% T. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 protein-coding genes indicates that C. farinosa is clustered in the family Bionectriaceae. This is the first study of the mitogenome of C. farinosa, which is helpful for understanding the evolution of species within the genus Clonostachys.</p

Effect of <i>Trichoderma</i> metabolite on PM growth.

(A) Average radial growth (mm) of PM grown with metabolite of Trichoderma species. (B) Predicted proportion of effect type in Trichoderma communities. Growth of PM isolate on treated plates was compared the growth on control plates using pairwise t-tests. An asterisk indicates a significant difference (P < 0.01; adjusted by the false discovery rate of Benjamini and Hochberg). HC: Hongcheon site, UJ: Uljin site.</p

Sampling information and <i>Trichoderma</i> diversity isolated from roots of <i>Pinus densiflora</i> within PM fairy rings.

(A) Map of sampling sites. HC: Hongcheon, UJ: Uljin. Map was made using free vector map data from Natural Earth (http://www.naturalearthdata.com). (B) Relative abundance of Trichoderma strains. (C) Phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor joining method for tef1a region from Trichoderma species. Bootstrap values of ≥ 70 are represented on the branch. Sequences obtained in this study are represented in bold. Occurrences of Trichoderma species in sampling sites are represented by color in species name (red: Hongcheon only, blue: Uljin only, purple: presence in both sites). The letter T indicates ex-type strain.</p

List of KEGG modules that were significantly abundant in the <i>Tm</i>-dominant soil.

<p>Fold change is for <i>Tm</i>-dominant soil samples relative to <i>Tm</i>-minor soil samples. Counts per million (CPM) were calculated with normalized abundances using edgeR’s TMM method. P-values were corrected to false discovery rates using the Benjamini and Hochberg method.</p

The number of <i>Trichoderma</i> strains isolated from roots of <i>Pinus densiflora</i> within PM fairy rings.

The number of Trichoderma strains isolated from roots of Pinus densiflora within PM fairy rings.</p

<i>Trichoderma</i> community pattern and species composition.

(A) Constrained Analysis of Principal coordinates (CAP) plots for Trichoderma community structure based on weighted Unifrac dissimilarity. (B) Species composition of Trichoderma communities. HC: Hongcheon site, UJ: Uljin site.</p

Additional file 1 of Exploring the influence of climatic variables on mycobiome composition and community diversity in lichens: insights from structural equation modeling analysis

Supplementary Material

Constrained Analysis of Principal coordinates (CAP) plots for microbial communities in the <i>Tm</i>-dominant and <i>Tm</i>-minor soil.

<p>CAP model for (A) fungal and (C) bacterial communities constrained by soil type and conditioned by geographic location. CAP models for (B) fungal and (D) bacterial communities constrained by geographic location and conditioned by soil type. CAP analyses were conducted on Bray-Curtis distances for fungal communities and weighted Unifrac distances for bacterial communities. Significance of CAP models was evaluated using ANOVA with 999 permutations.</p

Microbial genera list of significantly enriched in a discovery odds ratio test.

<p>P-values were corrected to false discovery rates using the Benjamini and Hochberg method.</p

A systematic revision of the ectomycorrhizal genus <i>Laccaria</i> from Korea

Species of Laccaria (Hydnangiaceae, Basidiomycota) are important in forest ecosystems as ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nine of the 75 described Laccaria species worldwide been reported from Korea. Most of these have European and North American names, and their identities are based solely on morphological features. To evaluate the taxonomy of Korean Laccaria, we used 443 specimens collected between 1981 and 2016 in a phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA (ITS) region, nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). Ten Laccaria species were identified. Three of these were previously reported from Korea: L. bicolor, L. tortilis, and L. vinaceoavellanea. Laccaria alba, L. japonica, and L. murina are confirmed as new reports from Korea. Lastly, four new Laccaria species are described: L. araneosa, L. parva, L. torosa, and L. versiforma. This study supports the general contention that Asian species of ectomycorrhizal fungi may not be conspecific with morphologically similar species from Europe and North America. Furthermore, identification based on morphology alone is often unreliable in Laccaria due to considerable overlap of characters among species. Thus, use of molecular methods is necessary for effective identification. Illustrations of the four newly described species and a taxonomic key to species of Laccaria in Korea are provided.</p