The Associations of Temperate Phage WO-B and <i>Wolbachia</i> Abundance

<p>Points on the charts denote the absolute copy numbers of a single-copy gene for phage WO-B and <i>Wolbachia</i> in individual adults of (A) A-infected males and (B) B-infected males of N. vitripennis. Correlation coefficients and significances are calculated according to the nonparametric method of Spearman's rho. In (A), the gray rectangle denotes the relative range of copy number variation for B-infected males, as depicted in larger scale in (B).</p

<i>Wolbachia</i> Infecting the Testes of N. vitripennis

<div><p>(A) Negatively stained virus particles of uniform size from PEG-precipitated preparations of A-infected N. vitripennis adults. No tail-like structures were apparent, perhaps due to disruption during the purification process. Bar = 100 nm.</p><p>(B) Low-resolution transmission electron micrograph of individualized spermatids and <i>Wolbachia</i> in N. vitripennis pupal testes. Ax and Md denote spermatid axonemes and mitochondrial derivatives. Several of the noted <i>Wolbachia</i> cells (W) are shown in higher resolution in <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020043#ppat-0020043-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a>C–<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020043#ppat-0020043-g005" target="_blank">5</a>E. Solid arrowheads denote phage particles. Bar = 200 nm.</p><p>(C) A high density of phage particles within <i>Wolbachia</i> is shown; phage tails are occasionally visible and noted by white arrowheads in the inset. Bar = 200 nm; inset bar = 100 nm.</p><p>(D) Virion-free (lower right) and virion-containing <i>Wolbachia</i> (upper right) localized near two N. vitripennis spermatids are shown. Solid arrowheads denote phage particles inside <i>Wolbachia</i>, and Ax and Md denote spermatid axonemes and mitochondrial derivatives, respectively. Bar = 200 nm.</p><p>(E) Solid arrowheads denote phage particles dispersing from within putatively lysed <i>Wolbachia</i> into the extracellular matrix. Bar = 200 nm.</p></div

A Phage Density Model of CI

<p>This flowchart depicts the predicted associations, i.e., (−) negative and (+) positive, between phage densities, <i>Wolbachia</i> densities, and CI levels with arrows connecting the associated variables. The flowchart is based on the following hypothesis: if lytic development of temperate phage WO-B leads to bacterial lysis or slowed cell divisions, the relative copy number of phages per bacterium may negatively associate with the relative copy number of <i>Wolbachia</i> per host, which in turn is well established to positively associate with CI levels. Under this scenario, phage densities can have a secondary negative association with CI levels.</p

Aggregations of Putative Extracellular Virions

<div><p>Solid arrowheads denote phage particles with no detectable <i>Wolbachia</i> membrane surrounding them. In some cases, a single membrane structure can be seen either completely or partially surrounding the phage particle patches.</p><p>(A) A patch of five virions near an individualized spermatid, for size reference.</p><p>(B) A patch of nine virions to the left of an individualized spermatid.</p><p>(C) A patch of 20 virions near a flagellar axoneme with potentially a single membrane structure surrounding the patch.</p></div

The Relationships between Phage Density, <i>Wolbachia</i> Density, and CI Level

<p>Points on the charts denote the relative phage WO-B density, relative <i>Wolbachia</i> density, and the number of female (diploid) offspring produced from cytoplasmically incompatible crosses using A-infected males. CI in haplodiploid species is expressed as a reduced number of female offspring. In (A), the dashed line denotes the estimated number of different lysogenic WO-B prophages per A-<i>Wolbachia</i> genome as determined by OFR7 amplification, cloning, and sequencing of heterogeneous copies [<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020043#ppat-0020043-b044" target="_blank">44</a>].</p

New criteria for selecting the origin of DNA replication in and closely related bacteria-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "New criteria for selecting the origin of DNA replication in and closely related bacteria"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/182</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():182-182.</p><p>Published online 20 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1914354.</p><p></p>e sequences of the region from the A and B Wolbachia. Subgroups are denoted A1 and A2, and B1 and B2

New criteria for selecting the origin of DNA replication in and closely related bacteria-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "New criteria for selecting the origin of DNA replication in and closely related bacteria"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/182</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():182-182.</p><p>Published online 20 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1914354.</p><p></p>e sequences of the region from the A and B Wolbachia. Subgroups are denoted A1 and A2, and B1 and B2