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Diagram of the optical simulation setup.

IOL = intraocular lens.</p

IOL decentration.

The 5 mm x 5 mm object (a) is imaged on the screen using field-tracing simulation when the decentered distances of the IOL from the z-axis are 0 μm (b), 400 μm (c), and 800 μm (d). The magnified images (dashed squares) with dimension of about 200 μm x 200 μm clearly show the interference fringes inside the white bars. (e) Strehl ratios obtained by field-tracing (filled red circle), ray-tracing (open blue circle), and extraction values (square box) from the reference experiment. The 2 insets of 2-dimensinal PSFs for 0 μm and 800 μm decentered distances were obtained by field tracing. The 3 positions marked with (b)-(d) on the field-tracing curve correspond to the images of (b)-(d).</p

IOL tilt.

The images of filed tracing simulation with the tilt angles about the y-axis are 2, 4, 6, and 8 degrees (a,b,c,d). The magnified image (dashed squares) shows the right-hand sides, closer to the tilted IOL surfaces, of the images are more severely smeared. (e) Strehl ratios obtained by field-tracing (filled red circle), ray-tracing (open blue circle), and extraction values (square box) from the reference experiment. The inset of PSF for 8-degree tilt was obtained by field tracing. The 3 positions marked with (a)-(d) on the field-tracing curve correspond to the images of (a)-(d).</p

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Fig 4 -

The MTF values of the IOL by field tracing (solid red curve) and ray tracing (dashed blue curve) for the case of no misalignment, 200-μm decentration, and 8-degree tilt. For the case of no misalignment, similar results were obtained for both of the tracing methods but not for the decentration or tilt.</p

Quantum plasmonic sensing using single photons

Reducing the noise below the shot-noise limit in sensing devices is one of the key promises of quantum technologies. Here, we study quantum plasmonic sensing based on an attenuated total reflection configuration with single photons as input. Our sensor is the Kretschmann configuration with a gold film, and a blood protein in an aqueous solution with different concentrations serves as an analyte. The estimation of the refractive index is performed using heralded single photons. We also determine the estimation error from a statistical analysis over a number of repetitions of identical and independent experiments. We show that the errors of our plasmonic sensor with single photons are below the shot-noise limit even in the presence of various experimental imperfections. Our results demonstrate a practical application of quantum plasmonic sensing is possible given certain improvements are made to the setup investigated, and pave the way for a future generation of quantum plasmonic applications based on similar techniques

Additional file 2 of Development of a novel multifocal lens using a polarization directed flat lens: possible candidate for a multifocal intraocular lens

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Additional file 3 of Development of a novel multifocal lens using a polarization directed flat lens: possible candidate for a multifocal intraocular lens

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Additional file 1 of Development of a novel multifocal lens using a polarization directed flat lens: possible candidate for a multifocal intraocular lens

Additional file 1