Additional file 1: of Bioassay-guided isolation of active anti-adipogenic compound from royal jelly and the study of possible mechanisms

Data on identification and purity assessment of isolated 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). Figure S1. 1H NMR Spectrum (A) and 13C NMR (500 MHz) spectra (B) of the compound isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of RJ in DMSO-d6; Figure S2. TLC analysis of Royal jelly (RJ), RJ-EA fraction (EA), isolated 10-HDA compound (Com) and standard 10-HDA (Std); Figure S3. Mass spectrometry - structure of the 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). (DOCX 156 kb

DataSheet_1_Castanea crenata honey reduces influenza infection by activating the innate immune response.docx

Influenza is an acute respiratory disorder caused by the influenza virus and is associated with prolonged hospitalization and high mortality rates in older individuals and chronically ill patients. Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy for ameliorating seasonal influenza. However, the vaccine is not fully effective in cases of antigenic mismatch with the viral strains circulating in the community. The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs aggravates the situation. Therefore, developing new vaccines and antiviral drugs is essential. Castanea crenata honey (CH) is an extensively cultivated food worldwide and has been used as a nutritional supplement or herbal medicine. However, the potential anti-influenza properties of CH remain unexplored. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CH were assessed. CH significantly prevented influenza virus infection in mouse Raw264.7 macrophages. CH pretreatment inhibited the expression of the viral proteins M2, PA, and PB1 and enhanced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and type-I interferon (IFN)-related proteins in vitro. CH increased the expression of RIG-1, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, and IFN-inducible transmembrane protein, which interferes with virus replication. CH reduced body weight loss by 20.9%, increased survival by 60%, and decreased viral replication and inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza A virus-infected mice. Therefore, CH stimulates an antiviral response in murine macrophages and mice by preventing viral infection through the RIG-1-mediated MAVS pathway. Further investigation is warranted to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of CH on influenza virus infection.</p

Therapeutic effects of MG treatment on mice infected with <i>Salmonella</i>.

<p>(A) the survival of mice (n = 10, per group) treated or untreated with MG, infected with WS- 5, (B) Effects of feeding MG on fecal shedding of <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (CFU/g) from mice. (C) Histopathological changes in liver of <i>Salmonella</i>-infected and <i>Salmonella</i>-infected treated MG. <i>Salmonella</i>-infected (SI) and <i>Salmonella</i>-infected + MG (SIMG). All data with P<0.05 were considered significant.</p

¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectral data of compound 1 (methyl gallate) isolated from <i>Galla Rhois</i>.

<p>Solvent: DMSO-<i>d₆</i>.</p

Antimicrobial activity of MG and ampicillin against 10 strains of <i>Salmonella</i>.

a<p>MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration. ^b Positive control.</p

Methyl Gallate from <i>Galla rhois</i> Successfully Controls Clinical Isolates of <i>Salmonella</i> Infection in Both <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Systems

<div><p><i>Galla rhois</i> is a commonly used traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria in Korea as well as in other parts of Asia. Methyl gallate (MG), a major component of <i>Galla Rhois</i>, exhibits strong antibacterial activity, but its mechanism of action against <i>Salmonella spp</i>. is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the antibacterial actions of MG against <i>Salmonella</i>. The antibacterial activity determined by broth dilution method indicated that the antibacterial activity of MG against <i>Salmonella</i> strains ranged from 3.9 to 125 µg/ml. <i>In vitro</i> bacterial viability test indicated that MG significantly decreased the viability of <i>Salmonella</i> over 40% when combined with ATPase inhibitors. The time-kill curves showed that a combined MG and ATPase inhibitors (DCCD and NaN3) treatment reduced the bacterial counts dramatically after 24 h. Oral administration of MG showed a strong anti-bacterial activity against WS-5 infected BALB/c mice. In contrast to the untreated <i>Salmonella</i> infected control animals, MG treated groups showed no clinical symptoms of the disease, such as lethargy and liver damage. It was observed that MG treatment significantly increased the survival of animals from <i>Salmonella</i> infection, while in untreated groups all animal succumbed to disease by the sixth day post infection. Thus, the present study demonstrates the therapeutic ability of MG against <i>Salmonella</i> infections.</p></div

Isolation of methyl gallate from <i>Galla rhois</i>.

<p>(A) Chemical structure of methyl gallate, (B) Procedures of extraction and fraction of the <i>Galla Rhois</i>, (C) Column chromatographic procedures of n-EtOAc fraction.</p

Antimicrobial activity (as the inhibition zone diameter) of methyl gallate (MG) and ampicillin against <i>Salmonella</i>.

<p>*ND, No activity detected, ^a Positive control.</p

Time-kill curves for (A) <i>S</i>. Typhimurium (WS-5) and (B) <i>S</i>. Typhi ATCC 19943 (WS-7) with MG and ATPase inhibitors (DCCD and NaN3).

<p>These results were confirmed in three independent experiments.</p