The location of olfactory receptors within olfactory epithelium is independent of odorant volatility and solubility

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Our objective was to study the pattern of olfactory receptor expression within the dorsal and ventral regions of the mouse olfactory epithelium. We hypothesized that olfactory receptors were distributed based on the chemical properties of their ligands: e.g. receptors for polar, hydrophilic and weakly volatile odorants would be present in the dorsal region of olfactory epithelium; while receptors for non-polar, more volatile odorants would be distributed to the ventral region. To test our hypothesis, we used micro-transplantation of cilia-enriched plasma membranes derived from dorsal or ventral regions of the olfactory epithelium into Xenopus oocytes for electrophysiological characterization against a panel of 100 odorants.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Odorants detected by ORs from the dorsal and ventral regions showed overlap in volatility and water solubility. We did not find evidence for a correlation between the solubility and volatility of odorants and the functional expression of olfactory receptors in the dorsal or ventral region of the olfactory epithelia.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>No simple clustering or relationship between chemical properties of odorants could be associated with the different regions of the olfactory epithelium. These results suggest that the location of ORs within the epithelium is not organized based on the physico-chemical properties of their ligands.</p

Analysis of the Vegetative Cover of the Brule River Watershed Re-Visited (1852-2016) Phase I

As early as the 1880’s, the Bois Brule River was known as an outstanding cold water trout stream, attracting anglers from around the world, including presidents of the United States. By the 1930’s landowners, visitors, and the Wisconsin Conservation Commission observed a serious decline in the rivers’ fisheries, which five years (1937-1941) of expenditures did little to improve. In order to access the causes of this decline and determine how to halt it, a partnership was created through the Wisconsin Conservation Commission, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Superior State Teachers College (now UW-Superior) to begin the largest watershed study of its kind in the state of Wisconsin. The study brought together scientists and managers from Madison, Brule and Superior to study the hydrology, geology, topography, vegetation and fisheries of the river and surrounding landscape to ascertain ecological factors that may be causing declines in fish populations (e.g. brown trout, brook trout). Dr. Norman Fassett (University of Wisconsin-Madison) a renowned botanist and Dr. John W. Thomson Jr. (Superior State Teachers College), a young aspiring botany professor spearheaded the vegetative component of the study from 1942-1944. They produced three of the ten monographs that were published in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science, art and Letters (volumes XXXVI and XXXVII) and collectively become known as the Brule River Survey. The Analysis of the Vegetative Cover of the Brule River Watershed Re-Visited (1852 – 2016)- Phase I documents vegetation changes that have occurred since the early General Land Office (GLO) – Public Land Surveys (PLS) in the 1850’s and today. These first surveys set township and section lines by marking trees (composition, size, distance from corner posts, habitat descriptions, soils, etc.) in order to “paint a picture” of the resources available for an expanding country and its pioneering settlers. Within a short period of time (≈20-30 years), Wisconsin no longer had a forest in the north, but an area termed “the cut-over” region that was sparsely populated. After this intensive logging period, agriculture was attempted throughout “the cut-over” areas, but in most cases these ventures failed. This was the backdrop for the next study of the vegetation on the Brule – the Brule River Survey (Fassett 1944; Thomson 1944-45). At the onset of the study, only remnants of multi- age and old growth forests existed on private property and most of the remaining landscape consisted of early successional forest or barrens. Using the PLS data (1852-1856 pre-European settlement), a vegetative cover map was created in coarse-scale depictions of forested and non-forested communities. A second vegetative cover map was produced in the 1940’s, applying the Wisconsin Land Economic Inventory for Douglas and Bayfield County and verified by site visits to the watershed. Thomson further describes several forested and non-forested plant communities in terms of species richness, composition and dominance (Thomson 1945). Thomson vouchered more than 523 specimens representing 312 species from these communities in duplicate and they are (Appendix A. Pg. A8) deposited at the Wisconsin State Herbarium in Madison and a second set deposited at the newly created herbarium at the Superior State Teachers College

First Hodgkin Cell Line L428 and the CD30 Antigen

Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a fatal disorder with the unique histologic features of few dysplastic Hodgkin- and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by an abundance of nonatypical bystander cells in primary biopsies. By using the first Hodgkin cell line L428 the cytokine receptor CD30 was discovered. CD30 proved to be an excellent target for the diagnoses of CD30+ malignancies and for monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with these malignancies because of its highly restricted expression in healthy individuals. Recently, a new anti-CD30-toxin-drug-conjugate consisting of an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody bound to the nonimmunogenic toxin auristatin E with a newly designed linker was generated

Bawat Mk2

This technical report represents the shore-based evaluation of the Bawat Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) Mk2 – Mobile Treatment Unit, developed by Bawat A/S Agern Alle, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark (www.bawat.com). This work was conducted to evaluate the potential of the system to kill living organisms in the ballast water of ships to reduce the risk of aquatic nuisance species migration in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The Bawat Mobile Treatment system is designed to heat water killing the organisms carried in the water in a single pass through the treatment system. The single pass can be filling or discharging a ships ballast water and requires no retention period. Biological effectiveness was examined October 22–24, 2023 at the AMI Consulting Engineers facility in Superior, WI during three efficacy trials with a single pass of harbor water through the Bawat BWMS Mk2 – Mobile Treatment Unit. Effectiveness was assessed in terms of reducing live organisms in three size classes per unit volume: organisms ≥50 µm in minimum dimension (nominally zooplankton), organisms ≥10 and <50 µm in minimum dimension (nominally protists), and organisms <10 µm in minimum dimension (e.g., total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp.). Samples were compared to the United States Coast Guard’s (USCG) Standards for Living Organisms in Ships’ Ballast Water Discharged in U.S. Waters (USCG, 2012) with a focus on the reduction in the number of propagules in the treated water. The Bawat BWMS Mk2 was found to be highly effective at reducing the densities of organisms in all three regulated size classes. Protist, zooplankton, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. densities on discharge were below the USCG ballast water discharge standard (BWDS) in all trials. Temperature of discharge water was approximately 5°C higher than uptake water, but other water quality parameters were minimally impacted by treatment.Lake Superior Research Institute; Great Waters Research Collaborative; Natural resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth; AMI Consulting Engineers; Balcer Taxonom