Spectral features of Earth-like planets and their detectability at different orbital distances around F, G, and K-type stars

We investigate the spectral appearance of Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of different main sequence stars at different orbital distances. We furthermore discuss for which of these scenarios biomarker absorption bands may be detected during primary or secondary transit with near-future telescopes and instruments.We analyze the spectra taking into account different filter bandpasses of two photometric instruments planned to be mounted to the JWST. We analyze in which filters and for which scenarios molecular absorption bands are detectable when using the space-borne JWST or the ground-based telescope E-ELT. Absorption bands of CO2, H2O, CH4 and O3 are clearly visible in high-resolution spectra as well as in the filters of photometric instruments. However, only during primary eclipse bands of CO2, H2O and O3 are detectable for all scenarios when using photometric instruments and an E-ELT telescope setup. CH4 is only detectable at the outer HZ of the K star since here the atmospheric modeling results in very high abundances. Since the detectable CO2 and H2O bands overlap, separate bands need to be observed to prove their existence in the atmosphere. In order to detect H2O in a separate band, a S/N>7 needs to be achieved for E-ELT observations, e.g. by co-adding at least 10 transit observations. Using a spaceborne telescope like the JWST enables the detection of CO2 at 4.3mu, which is not possible for ground-based observations due to the Earth's atmospheric absorption. Hence combining observations of spaceborne and groundbased telescopes might allow to detect the presence of the biomarker molecule O3 and the related compounds H2O and CO2 in a planetary atmosphere. Other absorption bands using the JWST can only be detected for much higher S/Ns, which is not achievable by just co-adding transit observations since this would be far beyond the planned mission time of JWST.(abridged)Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

Transmission Spectroscopy with the ACE-FTS Infrared Spectral Atlas of Earth: A Model Validation and Feasibility Study

Infrared solar occultation measurements are well established for remote sensing of Earth's atmosphere, and the corresponding primary transit spectroscopy has turned out to be valuable for characterization of extrasolar planets. Our objective is an assessment of the detectability of molecular signatures in Earth's transit spectra. To this end, we take a limb sequence of representative cloud-free transmission spectra recorded by the space-borne ACE-FTS Earth observation mission (Hughes et al., ACE infrared spectral atlases of the Earth's atmosphere, JQSRT 2014) and combine these spectra to the effective height of the atmosphere. These data are compared to spectra modeled with an atmospheric radiative transfer line-by-line infrared code to study the impact of individual molecules, spectral resolution, the choice of auxiliary data, and numerical approximations. Moreover, the study serves as a validation of our infrared radiative transfer code. The largest impact is due to water, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, nitric acid, oxygen, and some chlorofluorocarbons (CFC11 and CFC12). The effect of further molecules considered in the modeling is either marginal or absent. The best matching model has a mean residuum of 0.4 km and a maximum difference of 2 km to the measured effective height. For a quantitative estimate of visibility and detectability we consider the maximum change of the residual spectrum, the relative change of the residual norm, the additional transit depth, and signal-to-noise ratios for a JWST setup. In conclusion, our study provides a list of molecules that are relevant for modeling transmission spectra of Earth-like exoplanets and discusses the feasibility of retrieval.Comment: 25 pages, 15 figures, 3 table

Zur Relevanz sprachsensiblen Unterrichts im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung

Sprachsensibilität gilt als etabliertes Qualitätsmerkmal von Unterricht. Die Bedeutung von Sprachsozialisation und Bildungssprache wird in der Pädagogik bei Verhaltensstörungen bisher jedoch kaum rezipiert. Der Beitrag soll aufzeigen, warum diese Leerstelle geschlossen werden sollte. Er skizziert theoretische Überschneidungen von Sonderpädagogik und Sprachwissenschaft, indem er zunächst fachspezifische sowie linguistische Hintergründe darstellt und anschließend Konsequenzen dieses interdisziplinären Blicks auf den Unterricht im Förderschwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung (FS esE) ableitet. (DIPF/Orig.

Sprach- und Milieusensibilität im Kontext von Teilhabe als Gegenstand der (ersten Phase der) Lehrer*innenbildung: Relevanz und Ideen zur Umsetzung

Sprachsensibilität gilt seit längerer Zeit als ein Qualitätsmerkmal für Unterricht. Mit Blick auf die Bedingungen des Aufwachsens der Kinder und Jugendlichen ist sie jedoch unterbestimmt, wenn sie ausschließlich Schüler*innen mit Migrationshintergrund fokussiert. Im Beitrag wird deshalb Milieusensibilität als Erweiterung von Sprachsensibilität vorgeschlagen. Diese greift die Bedingungen des Aufwachsens auf und nutzt sie reflektiert im Unterricht. Durch eine umfassendere Berücksichtigung der realen Situation aller Schüler*innen sollen die Chancen auf nachschulische Teilhabe erhöht werden.   This article discusses the importance of sensitivity to language in teaching and proposes an extension to this concept through the introduction of ‘milieu sensitivity’. The article suggests that while sensitivity to language has been recognized as a quality criterion for teaching, it has often only focused on students with a migration background, without fully understanding the conditions of growing up and socialization of all children and young people. By taking into account these conditions and reflecting on them, the concept of milieu sensitivity can promote a more comprehensive understanding of the real-life situation. We argue that by promoting inclusivity and equitable learning outcomes for all students through this approach, post-school participation can be increased

Warming the early Earth - CO2 reconsidered

Despite a fainter Sun, the surface of the early Earth was mostly ice-free. Proposed solutions to this so-called "faint young Sun problem" have usually involved higher amounts of greenhouse gases than present in the modern-day atmosphere. However, geological evidence seemed to indicate that the atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Archaean and Proterozoic were far too low to keep the surface from freezing. With a radiative-convective model including new, updated thermal absorption coefficients, we found that the amount of CO2 necessary to obtain 273 K at the surface is reduced up to an order of magnitude compared to previous studies. For the late Archaean and early Proterozoic period of the Earth, we calculate that CO2 partial pressures of only about 2.9 mb are required to keep its surface from freezing which is compatible with the amount inferred from sediment studies. This conclusion was not significantly changed when we varied model parameters such as relative humidity or surface albedo, obtaining CO2 partial pressures for the late Archaean between 1.5 and 5.5 mb. Thus, the contradiction between sediment data and model results disappears for the late Archaean and early Proterozoic.Comment: 53 pages, 4 tables, 11 figures, published in Planetary and Space Scienc

Counseling-related tasks in the context of social and emotional disorders

Beratung gilt als Standardaufgabe sonderpädagogischer Lehrkräfte, wobei die Komplexität der Aufgabe und die einhergehende Notwendigkeit der Professionalisierung häufig unterschätzt werden. Der Beitrag stellt die vielfältigen Aufgaben der Beratungstätigkeit im Förderschwerpunkt esE in ihrer Gesamtheit dar und gibt einen ersten Einblick in ein aktuelles Forschungsprojekt der Sonderpädagogischen Forschungsstelle zu Beratung in der Erziehungshilfe (SFBE) der Universität Würzburg, das auf der Basis dieser Vorüberlegungen die genaue Erfassung, Typisierung und Beschreibung dieser Aufgaben zum Ziel hat. (DIPF/Orig.)On the one hand, Counseling is a key task of special education teachers (Melzer & Hillenbrand, 2015). On the other hand, its complexity combined with the need of professionalization in this field is mostly underestimated (Grewe, 2008). First, this article provides the variety of counseling-related tasks in the context of social and emotional disorders. Second, the paper provides a first insight into a current research project by the Special Educational Research Centre for Consultation Relating to Educational Assistance (SFBE) at Wuerzburg university, which aims on the documentation, typing and description of said tasks. (DIPF/Orig.

Beratung im Kontext der Pädagogik bei Verhaltensstörungen. Kernelemente eines Verständnisses

Beratung stellt neben Erziehung und Unterricht nicht nur im Bereich der schulischen Erziehungshilfe – aber hier besonders – eine zentrale Aufgabe von Lehrkräften dar. Was genau diese Aufgabe jedoch beinhaltet und welche Kompetenzen hier von den beratenden Sonderpädagog:innen gefordert werden, bedarf der Diskussion. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, durch die Skizzierung des Profils von Beratung für den Kontext Verhaltensstörungen eine Grundlage für diese Diskussion herauszuarbeiten. Zu diesem Zweck werden Basislinien eines fachspezifischen Beratungsverständnisses umrissen und Merkmale beratender Tätigkeiten im Bereich der schulischen Erziehungshilfe näher bestimmt. (DIPF/Orig.

GARLIC — A Generic Atmospheric Radiation Line-by-line Infrared Code for Earth and Planetary Science

GARLIC has been developed with emphasis on efficient and reliable numerical algorithms and a modular approach appropriate for simulation and/or retrieval in a variety of applications. It is suitable for arbitrary observation geometry, instrumental field-of-view, and line shape. The core of GARLIC's subroutines constitutes the basis of forward models used to implement inversion codes to retrieve atmospheric state parameters from limb and nadir sounding instruments. In view of the computational burden of lbl modeling considerable effort has been devoted to optimized algorithms. Collision induced absorption has been implemented as a complement of the H2O, CO2, etc continua. Furthermore, the DISORT multiple-scattering solver has been added to GARLIC for an assessment of the impact of clouds on exoplanet spectra. As a recent upgrade Jacobians with respect to temperature have been implemented utilizing algorithmic differentiation. In this contribution we summarize GARLIC's main features and give some examples from Earth and planetary science