272 research outputs found
Cumulative weighing of time in intertemporal tradeoffs
We examine preferences for sequences of delayed monetary gains. In the experimental literature, two prominent models have been advanced as psychological descriptions of preferences for sequences. In one model, the instantaneous utilities of the outcomes in a sequence are discounted as a function of their delays, and assembled into a discounted utility of the sequence. In the other model, the ccumulated utility of the outcomes in a sequence is considered along with utility or disutility from improvement in outcome utilities and utility or disutility from the spreading of outcome utilities. Drawing on three threads of evidence concerning preferences for sequences of monetary gains, we propose that the accumulated utility of the outcomes in a sequence is traded off against the duration of utility accumulation. In our first experiment, aggregate choice behavior provides qualitative support for the tradeoff model. In three subsequent experiments, one of which incentivized, disaggregate choice behavior provides quantitative support for the tradeoff model in Bayesian model contests. The third experiment addresses one thread of evidence that motivated the tradeoff model: When, in the choice between two single dated outcomes, it is conveyed that receiving less sooner means receiving nothing later, preference for receiving more later increases, but when it is conveyed that receiving more later means receiving nothing sooner, preference is left unchanged. Our results show that this asymmetric hidden-zero effect is indeed driven by those supporting the tradeoff model. The tradeoff model also accommodates all remaining evidence on preferences for sequences of monetary gains
Anomalies to Markowitz’s hypothesis and a prospect-theoretical interpretation
Markowitz hypothesized a fourfold pattern of risk preferences, with risk aversion for large gains and small losses, but risk seeking for small gains and large losses. We test his hypothesis, and obtain two major results. One is the dispersion effect: A majority exhibits risk seeking and risk aversion for small and large gains, but disperses into five preference groups for small and large losses. There are the „Markowitzians‟ (risk aversion and risk seeking), the „non-Markowitzians‟ (risk seeking and risk aversion), the „Cautious‟ (global risk aversion), the „Audacious‟ (global risk seeking), and the „Wavering‟ (who exhibit no definite preference pattern). The other result is the migration effect: The composition of the preference groups changes across risk levels. More specifically, when going from high to moderate risk levels, the shares of the Markowitzians and the Cautious fall while the shares of the Audacious and the non-Markowitzians rise. We show that, if prospect theory accommodates the dispersion effect by allowing for heterogeneity in the elasticity of the value function and the elevation of the probability-weighing function, it correctly predicts the migration effect
O senso do escalonamento multidimensional
Neste artigo, tentámos familiarizar o leitor
com as noções básicas da análise MDS, que
foram estabelecidas entre o início dos anos 50 e
o início dos anos 70. Ignorámos propositadamente
todas as evoluções na área desde então.
Mais, tal como anunciámos no início deste artigo,
não fomos aos aspectos técnicos das análises
apresentadas e não abordámos de todo
análises mais avançadas. Contudo, o leitor terá
atingido uma melhor compreensão do que o
MDS faz e o que deve ser feito para que o MDS
faça
Tradeoffs and theory: The double-mediation model
Most theories of decision making suggest that, when options imply tradeoffs between their attributes, conflict increases as tradeoff size increases, because greater sacrifices are to be incurred in choosing one option instead of another. An alternative view is that conflict decreases as tradeoff size increases, because stronger arguments can be made for any decision. The authors propose a unified model, the double-mediation model, which combines the mediating effects of sacrifice and argumentation. Our model generally predicts an inverse U-shaped relation between tradeoff size and conflict. Results support this prediction. Also, when the decision situation increases the mediating effect of sacrifice relative to that of argumentation, the relation between tradeoff size and conflict changes in an upward direction; conversely, when the decision situation increases the mediating effect of argumentation relative to that of sacrifice, the relation changes in a downward direction. Results support these predictions as well. Commonalities and differences between our model and other formulations are discussed.Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), project POCTI/PSI/42275/2001
Footnotes to fishbein: the contrast model of stimulus evaluation
Fishbein’s (1967b) multi-attribute model of attitudes is a popular tool for the assessment of consumer perceptions and preferences in marketing research.
This paper focuses on Fishbein’s learning theory of attitudes, the multi-attribute model that he has offered as a formalization of his theory and on the relationship
between both. Problems that arise at the intersection of theory and model are discussed. Fishbein’s view on
attribute ((salience)) is identified as a major determinant of these problems. Furthermore, the failure to recognize dependency of attribute salience on the
context in which choice alternatives are perceived is argued to be a major limitation of the Fishbein paradigm. The original theory is extended and the extended theory is formalized with an adaptation of
Tversky’s (1977) contrast model of similarity. The strengths and weaknesses of the resulting framework for the marketing-research practice are briefly discussed.O modelo dce multi-atributos de atitudes de Fishbein (1967b) é uma ferramenta comum para aceder as percepções e preferências do consumidor em estudos de mercado. Este artigo centra-se na teoria da aprendizagem
de atitudes de Fishbein, o modelo de multi-atributos que ele ofereceu como uma formalização da sua teoria e na relação entre eles. São discutidos os problemas
que surgem na interseção da teoria e o modelo. A perspectiva de Fishbein sobre a (saliencia) dos atributos é identificada como a maior determinante destes problemas. Em seguida, e argumentado que a maior limitação do paradigma de Fishbein se deve a
sua falha em reconhecer a dependência da saliência dos atributos do contexto em que as alternativas de escolha são percebidas. A teoria original é alargada e
esta é formalizada com uma adaptação do modelo de contrastes de similaridade de Tversky (1977). São resumidamente discutidos os pontos fortes e fracos do enquadramento resultante para a prática de estudos de mercado
Pericranial Total Tenderness Score in Patients with Tension-type Headache and Migraine:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Perfil das empresas familiares na Região Autónoma dos Açores
This study aims to profile family firms located
in the Autonomous Region of the Azores.
Using a sample of 82 family-controlled firms,
we were able to create the profile of these
firms, by looking at several important profiling
aspects such as ownership and governance,
experience and management, and corporate
culture. While other indicators are also taken
into account: sector of activity, years in business,
number of employees, and last year’s
turnover. Results show that these firms are
owned and controlled exclusively by the family,
and its owners and managers are the founding
generation. They operate in the retail sector,
have less than 10 employees, have been in
business for over 30 years, and have a turnover
of less than €500,000 per year. The family
members show a strong sense of pride, belief
and identity towards the firm and consider that
the family has an important influence in the
business.Este estudo tem como objetivo traçar o perfil
das empresas familiares localizadas na
Região Autónoma dos Açores. Recorrendo a
uma amostra de 82 empresas familiares, são
analisados vários aspetos importantes na caracterização
de empresas familiares, como a propriedade
e administração, a gestão e experiência
e a cultura organizacional. Outros indicadores
são, igualmente, tidos em conta: setor de atividade,
anos em operação, número de colaboradores
e volume de negócios do último ano. Os
resultados obtidos revelam que estas empresas
são detidas e controladas exclusivamente pela
família e os proprietários e gerentes são a geração
fundadora. Atuam no setor do retalho, contam
com menos de 10 colaboradores, encontram-
se em atividade há mais de 30 anos e têm
um volume de negócios inferior a €500.000 por
ano. Os membros da família mostram ter orgulho,
empenho e identificam-se com as empresas,
considerando, ainda, que a família tem uma
importante influência no negócio.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
As duas caras do Janus: O conflito como fonte de (im)previsibilidade na tomada de decisão
Perante uma situação de escolha entre opções que implicam uma troca entre dois ou mais atributos, a escolha de uma delas significa abdicar das vantagens da outra opção, o que leva a conflito. Modelos formais de tomada de decisão consideram o conflito apenas como uma fonte de imprevisibilidade na escolha (o decisor sente-se incerto quanto à decisão a tomar). No entanto, um modelo recente, o modelo da Escolha Mediada pelo Conflito (EMC), considera o conflito também um factor explicativo na tomada de decisão (ao sentir conflito, o decisor recorre a pistas na situação da escolha para fornecerem argumentos a favor de uma decisão). Neste artigo, apresentamos uma revisão do modelo EMC e dos modelos que o antecederam, comparando as previsões dos diversos modelos
Festinger revisitado: Sacrifício e argumentação como fontes de conflito na tomada de decisão
É consensual na literatura que o nível de conflito sentido numa tomada de decisão influencia o modo como nós escolhemos e que este grau de conflito depende do tamanho de troca entre os atributos das opções do conjunto de escolha. Modelos tradicionais defendem que o conflito aumenta com o tamanho de troca, uma vez que são maiores as vantagens que temos de abdicar ao escolher uma opção em detrimento de outra (sacrifícios). No entanto, uma outra perspectiva é que o conflito depende dos argumentos à nossa disposição para escolher uma das opções: quanto menor for o tamanho de troca, mais fracos os argumentos e consequentemente maior o nível de conflito sentido na tomada da decisão. O presente artigo demonstra como um modelo unificado de formação do conflito na tomada de decisão, o modelo de dupla mediação, concilia as diferentes perspectivas de forma integradora. A relação entre tamanho de troca e conflito é mediada pelos sacrifícios e pelos argumentos (em direcções opostas) e moderada por diversos factores, entre os quais a importância relativa dos atributos e a necessidade de justificar a escolha a outros
Impact of M&As on organizational performance: The moderating role of HRM centrality
In this study, we examine how the effects of mergers and acquisitions on organizational
performance are moderated by human resource management (HRM) centrality.
We differentiate three types of ownership change: mergers, bidder, and target acquisitions.
The study is anchored on the literatures addressing strategic human resource management and strategic contingencies of intra-organizational power. In an analysis of the data from the 2005 Cranet survey, results showed that (i) formalization attenuated a positive impact of bidder acquisitions and aggravated a negative impact of mergers on performance, but (ii) HRM strategic involvement and centralization of HRM practices boosted a
positive impact of bidder acquisitions on performance. The study offers new insights
about the role of HRM centrality, and suggests that mergers and acquisitions should be studied as differentiated ownership change processes
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