9,219 research outputs found
âIn a perfect world we donât need them or want them â but the world isnât perfectâ : the United Nations and the private arms
Tutkielma on temaattisesti kiinnostunut erityisesti 1990-luvulla rĂ€jĂ€hdysmĂ€isesti kasvaneista yksityisistĂ€ sotilas âja turvallisuusalan yrityksistĂ€. Työn tarkoituksena on avata nĂ€iden yritysten sekĂ€ Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien (YK) vĂ€listĂ€ yhteyttĂ€ sekĂ€ tutkia, millaista toimijuutta YK yrityksistĂ€ tuottaa. Tutkielman lĂ€htökohtana on asetelma, jossa YK on itse perinteisestĂ€ normatiivisesta suhtautumisestaan huolimatta toimialan merkittĂ€vĂ€ asiakas, sekĂ€ lukuisista eri tekijöistĂ€ sekĂ€ kehityssuunnista johtuen kasvavasti kiinnostunut yritysten tuottamista palveluista.
Työ lĂ€hestyy tutkimusaineistoa vahvan teoreettisesta nĂ€kökulmasta. Teoria koostuu Sarah Percyn teoksessa Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations (2007) esitetystĂ€ kieltĂ€vĂ€n normin kĂ€sitteestĂ€. Teorian ydinajatuksena on kansainvĂ€lisissĂ€ suhteissa lĂ€pi historian vaikuttanut kieltĂ€vĂ€ normi, joka esittÀÀ palkkasoturit moraalisesti ongelmallisina, sillĂ€ he ovat yksinomaan motivoituneet rahasta â ja he eivĂ€t nĂ€in ollen toimi aatteesta â ja toisekseen, toimivat legitiimiksi koetun kontrollin ulkopuolella. Analyysin tehtĂ€vĂ€nĂ€ on peilata tĂ€tĂ€ kieltĂ€vÀÀ normia tutkimusaineistoon ja tutkia, kuinka voimakkaasti normi on aineistossa havaittavissa. Kysymys on kiinnostava ottaen huomioon toisaalta YK:n aiemman, vahvasti normatiivisen diskurssin sekĂ€ toisaalta sen oman, edelleen kasvavan riippuvuussuhteen yksityisistĂ€ sotilas âja turvallisuusalan yrityksistĂ€.
Analyysi osoittaa, ettĂ€ kieltĂ€vĂ€ normi vaikuttaa edelleen YK:n tuottamassa puheessa. Yksityiset sotilas âja turvallisuusalan yritykset nĂ€hdÀÀn melko verrannollisina palkkasotureihin, joskin tĂ€mĂ€ diskurssi vaimenee mitĂ€ myöhĂ€isemmĂ€stĂ€ aineistosta on kyse. TĂ€mĂ€ nĂ€kyy muun muassa siinĂ€, ettĂ€ yritysten sekĂ€ niiden työntekijöiden nĂ€hdÀÀn omaavan yksinomaan rahallisia intressejĂ€. YhtĂ€ lailla, yritysten toiminta nĂ€hdÀÀn uhkana valtion harjoittamalle vĂ€kivallan monopolille. TĂ€stĂ€ huolimatta yritykset nĂ€hdÀÀn myös YK:lle tarpeellisina, sekĂ€ niiden lĂ€snĂ€olon lopullisuus YK:n kontekstissa tunnustetaan
THE AGRICULTURAL EXPORT-GROWTH NEXUS IN THE EU-27 AND THE COUNTRY RISK
The EU agriculture is undergoing an important process of liberalization and global integration within which its growth is a key issue particularly in view of the targets of competitiveness and convergence set by the Community. In this context, the paper, focusing on the EU-27 and the time period 2000-04, analyses the agricultural export-growth nexus and the role of the country risk, aspect that is still lacking in the empirical literature.agricultural growth, agricultural openness, country risk., International Relations/Trade,
Agricultural Convergence and Competitiveness in the EU-15 Regions
On the basis of the stochastic kernel approach, the paper verifies the agricultural convergence process from 1994-2003 across a sample of 170 EU-15 regions at Nuts2 level classified according to their initial competitive profile through the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps technique. The results achieved have, first, underlined the complexity of the competitive scenario summarized in four different profiles: non competitive regions; strongly competitive and innovative regions; competitive regions with diversification and production sustainability; and strongly dependent on the CAP direct support. They affect in a different way convergence. The process seems to be determined by the specific factors at the basis of agricultural competitiveness within which innovation seems to be the most relevant. On the contrary, persistence prevails across the regions with a relative high dependence on the CAP subsidies. The evidences suggest the need of an agricultural enterprise policy aimed at establishing an environment conductive to farms growth and innovation and designed according to the specific territorial features. This is where the interventions of Regions and Member States come in and the reinforcement of their competitive capacity becomes a pre-condition and an indispensable component of a comprehensive strategy aimed at developing agricultural competitiveness and convergence in the EU regions.agricultural convergence, agricultural competitiveness, stochastic kernel approach, Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps., International Relations/Trade,
Structural Change And Economic Convergence Across The Eu-15 Regions: Can The Agricultural Sector Play a Role?
Economic and agricultural convergence across the EU regions has for a long time attracted the attention of economists and more so in the recent decade following the EU enlargement. Empirical contributions have referred explicitly or implicitly to the Solows model of economic growth testing absolute and conditional b-convergence. The recent literature suggests that the prevailing neoclassical and sectoral approach is not suitable to face the implication of structural change on economic convergence whose understanding is key within the current process of significant marginalization of agriculture and partly of industry in favour of the service sector. In this context the aim of the paper is the understanding the size and evolution of this change, the way in which it has affected aggregate economic convergence and if the agricultural sector has influenced the process despite its small and decreasing contribution to total GDP comparing the results from the neoclassical and Paci, Pigliaru approachAgricultural and Food Policy, International Development,
Tracking through equality
We give a tracker solution for the quintessence scalar field for
Ratra--Peebles or SUGRA potentials, holding before, during and after the
equality epoch (\rho_m=\rho_r) and nicely fitting the numerical behavior.Comment: submitted to New Astronom
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