METAPHORS AND DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE JAVANESE PROVERBS

The current study investigated directive speech acts and metaphors in the Javanese Proverbs. In order to fulfill this goal, the researcher identifies the structural forms, the communicative function, the felicity conditions and the metaphor mapping. The felicity condition will explore four components: a) propositional content, b) preparatory condition, c) sincerity condition, and d) essential rule. Besides, the metaphor mapping will identify three components: a) objects/ idea, b) meaning, and c) mapping process. The current research would be designed as qualitative research. The researcher had choosen the purposive proverbs from the collection of Pitutur Luhur Budaya Jawa (has been composed by certain writers). Due to the investigation, the researcher found some findings:a) there would be two structural forms of the Javanese proverbs (declarative and imperative), b) there were four communicative functions or directive speech acts in the proverbs (prohibition, requirement, command, and suggestion), c) the researcher found that the Javanese proverbs contain the direct and indirect speech act. Beside those findings, the researcher also investigates certain animals and plants (as metaphorical expressions or idea) in the Javanese proverbs such as 1) kebo gupak (buffalo) and tiger (macan) as the people whose bad behaviour, 2) gagak (crow), timun (cucumber), and ant (semut) as the poorer/the weaker people, 3) merak (peacock), duren (king fruit), and elephant (gajah) as the richer people/ the stronger people, 4) mushroom (jamur) as the best result, 5) watang (stalk) as the difficult step or effort, 6) snake (ula) as the figures/ common people, 7) candlenut (kemiri), 8) bebek (duck), 9) kidang (deer)

SPEECH LEVEL PATTERN AND REFERENCE/ DEIXIS BASED ON SOCIAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE USING (A STUDY ABOUT TRADITION AS INFLUENCE IN ISLAMIC ANCIENT BOARDING SCHOOL/PONDOK PESANTREN SALAFI LANGUAGE STYLE)

Language in human’s using as the study has generally two scope of study; macrolinguistics,microlinguistics. Macrolinguistics as the study of language that occurs problematics of language relate to cognitive development, social interaction, and function of language.Beside microlinguistics is study of language that occurs anything rules about languagestructuralistically. The examples of application of macrolinguistics are pragmatics, semantics, sosiolinguistics, and discourse while the applications of microlinguistics aremorphology, syntax, phonology, and phonotactics. From previous explanation, language asmacrolinguistics study also regard with certain domains like participants, setting, andculture. Based on the notion, the paper would concern in language use practically in acertain setting which fully considering in culture, that is like Islamic ancient boarding houseor “ pondok pesantren Islam salafi”. In that case, there are so many style, context, and conversational structures of Islamic ancient boarding school. Spesifically, there are somestyle which are very unique, spesific, special among people in the boarding school. Thepaper would investigate among conversationnal style used by people from boarding schoolby using pragmatic approach. The approach would analyze any references and deixis fromthe conversation. Besides, there is speech level among language users in pesantren. Thelevel is considered by social status of language users like guardian (sesepuh/pengasuh), committee (pengurus/ santri senior), and general students (santri biasa). The reason of thisclassification is based on social strata which is social strata is the most important beyond the culture of pondok pesantren

STYLE AND REGISTER USED AT PONDOK PESANTREN

This study aimed to investigate the pattern of language used at “pondok pesantren”. In order to cover this aim, the researcher formulates two main components: (i)style used by the people at pondok pesantren, and (ii) register commonly found at pondok pesantren. The research was designed as descriptive qualitative The subjects of the research are the santris/ the students and their kyai/ public figure at pesantren. The voice recording is regarded as the data collection technique. The qualitative analysis is considered as the appropriate method in analysing the data. Due to the data, the researcher identifies five styles used at “pondok pesantren”:a)oratorical style, b)deliberative style, c)consultative style, d)casual conversation, e)ntimate style. Furthermore, there are special registers used by the people at pondok pesantren: (i)“komplek”, (ii)“lurah”, (iii)“sowan”, (iv)“dhawuh”, (v)“mondhok”, (vi)“ziyaroh”

Pengaruh Model Discovery Learning terhadap Kemampuan Pemahaman Matematis Peserta Didik SMP

Currently, the learning model used is still conventional which causes students to be less active in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Discovery Learning model on the mathematical understanding ability of junior high school students. The research method used is an experimental method using a posttest only control design. The population of the study was grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 2 Cimahi. The subjects in this study were students including class VIII-J as a control class using conventional learning 37 people and class VIII-F as an experimental class given treatment in the form of learning with the discovery learning model as many as 37 people. The data analysis technique used was to use the normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test, where the sig. (2-tailed) result was 0.002 smaller than 0.05. From this study it can be said that the mathematical understanding ability in the control and experimental classes is normally distributed and has a homogeneous variance. Then based on the results of the t-test H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted and a difference was found between the experimental and control classes. Therefore, the Discovery Learning learning model in the experimental class, namely in class VIII-F, can improve the mathematical understanding abilities of junior high school student

Optimization Formula Tablet Extract of Bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) Variation Avicel® Ph 101 and Crospovidone

Bengkuang (Pachyrrhizus erosus) contains daidzein which is pro-estrogenic compound, suppressing bone restoration by directing mechanism in bone estrogen receptor. Bengkuang can be developed into a useful source of phytoestrogens as a supplement in menopausal women. This study aims to determine the stability and influence of Avicel® PH 101 and crospovidone on granular flow properties and physical properties of Bengkuang tuber extract. Bengkuang tuber extracts were made into tablet preparations by wet granulation method. Variation of crospovidone composition was between 2-5%, while Avicel® PH 101 was between 38.86 to 41.86%. The tablet formulation is optimized using the Simplex Lattice Design method. The results show that the addition of Avicel® PH 101 can improve the index of determination, water absorption, moisture content, hardness, time of disintegration, and friability of the tablet, as well as crospovidone addition. Avicel® PH 101 and crospovidone interactions increase water content, decrease hardness, and tablet friability. The optimum tablet formula consists of composition of 293 mg of Avicel® PH 101 and 14 mg of crospovidone per tablet. Testing of optimum formula results with SLD method did not differ significantly to the response of the compression index, hardness and friability of the tablet. The tablet was stable at room temperature (30ºC ± 2 ºC) for four weeks

Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes by Tropical Fungi Isolated from Taman Eden 100, Toba Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Taman Eden 100 is one of the tourist parks located in Toba Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia that provides a wide range of biodiversity. The objective of this research was to obtain the potential fungal isolate with high laccase activity to decolorize synthetic dyes. The results show that six isolates of Perenniporia subtephropora EDN 050, Trametes hirsuta EDN 082, T. hirsuta EDN 084, T. hirsuta EDN 085, Deconica coprophila EDN 114, and T. pavonia EDN 134, which were confirmed by molecular identification using 5.8 rDNA/ITS analysis, exhibited decolorization activity. Six potential isolates showed the ability to decolorize textile dyes of Acid Blue 129, RBBR,Orange II, and Reactive Black 5. The highest decolorization rate of 100 ppm Acid Blue 129, RBBR, Orange II, and Reactive Black 5 dyes by using T. pavonia EDN 134 were 98.87%, 98.26%, 100%, and 98.11%, respectively after 96 h incubation. Almost all positive isolates also decolorized dyes at higher concentrations (1,000 ppm). This study offers the potential of Indonesian tropical fungal isolates for synthetic dyes waste treatment

Sex differences in learning english (a comparative study in learning narrative text at second grade of SMA Al Muhammad Cepu Blora in the academic year of 2010/2011)

The background of this study based on the low awareness of sex differences dealing with learning language. On the other hand, sex differences also give impact for any side of human such as language learning. Specifically, language learning can widely define in the context itself. According to this notion, this study explores intensively focus of the problem in learning genre especially narrative text. The problem of this research can be stated as follows: 1. How male in learning narrative text? 2. How female in learning narrative text? 3. How the similarities of both learning? 4. How the differences of both learning? The objectives of this study are (1) to describe how male in learning narrative text is, (2) to describe how female in learning narrative text is, (3) to find out how the similarities of both learning, (4) to find out how the differences of both learning.The study was conducted at SMA Al Muhammad Cepu Blora in the Academic Year of 2010/2011. The data is gathered through structured and unstructured interview, systematized observation and documentation. All data then analyzed using the phenomenological approach and the comparative qualitative with applying analysis inductive and reflective mode of topic. The subjects of this study were the students of Second Grade of SMA Al Muhammad Cepu Blora in the Academic Year of 2010/2011. The result of this study shows that there are several differences and similarities of male and female in learning narrative text. These similarities and differences come because there are any different characteristics at male and female as basic aspect of term “sex differences”. Moreover, male and female have dominant different in aspiration of narrative text itself. Based on male students, narrative text is likely difficult to learn and they felt bored when have learned narrative text. In the other hand, female students told that narrative text is likely easy to learn and they were very interested with narrative text. These dominant differences exactly give any impact for the factors of the learning such as attention, frequency of preparation, readiness, frequency of learning narrative text, frequency of getting difficulty in learning narrative text. However, there are also similarities of male and female in learning narrative text such as students’ activeness, frequency of learning English, frequency of preparation for narrative text. The finding of this research would lead as reference for teacher, certain educators, researchers to determine appropriate method for male and female in learning Englis