Developing a surface and near-bed temperature and salinity climatology for the North-West European Shelf Seas

No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.A 30-year (1971–2000) temperature and salinity climatology is presented for surface and near-bed regions of the NW European shelf seas. Data from both the ICES Data Centre and the World Ocean Database were merged to create the product. The methodology used to calculate the mean monthly distribution and the climatic mean annual cycle is discussed. This climatology will be archived at the ICES Data Centre and made freely available to all users in the marine community. We anticipate that the product can be updated on at least a decadal time scal

Chilling the waste: Analysing household bread-freezing behaviours and their effect on bread waste

Consumer bread storage practices significantly affect the shelf life of bread, which is one of the most wasted food items in households. Addressing consumer bread waste is crucial for reducing overall food waste at home. However, despite the vital role of bread and bakery products in our diets, consumer behaviour regarding freezing bread has received limited attention. This research investigates the connection between bread-freezing habits and household bread waste based on a nationally representative sample of 2033 Australian households. Most households usually purchase white bread, followed by wholemeal bread. Approximately 27 % of respondents indicated that they freeze bread immediately after shopping, while most do not freeze or refrigerate it as the expiry date approaches. The likelihood of freezing bread rises significantly for those who buy larger quantities. Rural and isolated consumers are inclined to freeze bread right after shopping, while those not in the workforce are less inclined. The findings indicate that freezing bread at home effectively reduces bread waste.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The Accuracy and Validity of the Simplified Pairs Method of Comparative Judgement in Highly Structured Papers.docx

Comparative judgement (CJ) is often said to be more suitable for judging exam questions inviting extended responses, as it is easier for judges to make holistic judgements on a small number of large, extended tasks than a large number of smaller tasks. On the other hand, there is evidence it may also be appropriate for judging responses to papers made up of many smaller structured tasks. We report on two CJ exercises on mathematics and science exam papers, which are constructed mainly of highly structured items. This is to explore whether judgements processed by the simplified pairs version of CJ can approximate the empirical difference in difficulty of pairs of papers. This can then be used to maintain standards between exam papers. This use of CJ, not its other use as an alternative to marking, is the focus of this paper. Within the exercises discussed, panels of experienced judges looked at pairs of scripts, from different sessions of the same test, and their judgements were processed via the simplified pairs CJ method. This produces a single figure for the estimated difference in difficulty between versions. We compared this figure to the difference obtained from traditional equating, used as a benchmark. In the mathematics study the difference derived from judgement via simplified pairs closely approximated the empirical equating difference. However, in science, the CJ outcome did not closely align with the empirical difference in difficulty. Reasons for the discrepancy may include the differences in the content of the exams or the specific judges. However, clearly, comparative judgement need not lead to an accurate impression of the relative difficulty of different exams. We discuss self-reported judge views on how they judged, including what questions they focused on, and the implications of these for the validity of CJ. Processes used when judging papers made up of highly structured tasks were varied, but judges were generally consistent enough. Some potential challenges to the validity of comparative judgement are present with judges sometimes using re-marking strategies, and sometimes focusing attention on subsets of the paper, and we explore these. A greater understanding of what judges are doing when they judge comparatively brings to the fore questions of judgement validity that remain implicit in marking and non-comparative judgement contexts.</p

Hydrographic variability during the decade of the 1990s in the Northeast Atlantic and southern Norwegian Sea

Throughout the decade of the 1990s, hydrographic conditions in the Northeast Atlantic have been monitored along standard sections in the Faroe Shetland Channel and at Ocean Weather Station Mike in the southern Norwegian Sea. Transport monitoring has also taken place since 1994 in the Faroe Shetland Channel; series of five semipermanent acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) moorings have been used. The combination of repeat hydrographic sections and ADCP measurements has provided a new description of the annual mean and seasonal variation of temperature, salinity, and along-channel velocity within the Faroe Shetland Channel. These, combined in a simple transport model, have permitted annual mean and seasonal cycles of mass, heat, and salt flux in the poleward flowing Atlantic Water to be estimated for the period 1994-2000. The historical hydrographic data have then been used to set 1994-2000 into the context of decadal variability since 1960. Using recent estimates of Iceland-Scotland overflow variability, it is suggested that the net heat flux towards the Arctic has remained constant during the 1990s, as the observed warming in the inflowing surface waters has been offset by reduced transport. However, salt flux may have reduced, contributing to the freshening tendency in many areas of the Arctic Mediterranean.</p

Overview of Grounded Theory (GT): Wicked complexity in paramedics’ care for people who self-harm.

Overview of Grounded Theory (GT): Wicked complexity in paramedics’ care for people who self-harm.</p

Interview guide.

(DOCX)</p

Sample of study paramedics.

Sample of study paramedics.</p

Univalent Gallium Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Effective Initiators/Catalysts for the Synthesis of Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene

The scope of the univalent gallium salts [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ and the new completely characterized [Ga­(1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ (R^F = C­(CF₃)₃) was investigated in terms of initiating or catalyzing the synthesis of highly reactive poly­(2-methylpropylene)highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB)in several solvents. A series of polymerization reactions proved the high efficiency and quality of the univalent gallium salts for the polymerization of isobutylene. The best results were obtained using very low concentrations of [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ (down to 0.007 mol%) while working at reaction temperatures of up to ±0 °C and in the noncarcinogenic and non-water hazardous solvent toluene. Under these conditions, HR-PIB with an α-content of terminal olefinic double bonds up to 91 mol% and a molecular weight of 1000–2000 was obtained in good yields. Upon changing [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ for the electron richer [Ga­(1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻, polymerization temperatures could be increased to +10 °C. The reactivity of the gallium­(I) cations therefore seems to be tunable through ligand exchange reactions. Experimental results, density functional theory calculations, and mass spectrometric investigations point toward a coordinative polymerization mechanism

Univalent Gallium Salts of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Effective Initiators/Catalysts for the Synthesis of Highly Reactive Polyisobutylene

The scope of the univalent gallium salts [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ and the new completely characterized [Ga­(1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ (R^F = C­(CF₃)₃) was investigated in terms of initiating or catalyzing the synthesis of highly reactive poly­(2-methylpropylene)highly reactive polyisobutylene (HR-PIB)in several solvents. A series of polymerization reactions proved the high efficiency and quality of the univalent gallium salts for the polymerization of isobutylene. The best results were obtained using very low concentrations of [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ (down to 0.007 mol%) while working at reaction temperatures of up to ±0 °C and in the noncarcinogenic and non-water hazardous solvent toluene. Under these conditions, HR-PIB with an α-content of terminal olefinic double bonds up to 91 mol% and a molecular weight of 1000–2000 was obtained in good yields. Upon changing [Ga­(C₆H₅F)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻ for the electron richer [Ga­(1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂]⁺[Al­(OR^F)₄]⁻, polymerization temperatures could be increased to +10 °C. The reactivity of the gallium­(I) cations therefore seems to be tunable through ligand exchange reactions. Experimental results, density functional theory calculations, and mass spectrometric investigations point toward a coordinative polymerization mechanism

Multi-decadal variability of the temperature of the northwest European continental shelf: a model-data synthesis. preparation

Published in Progress in Oceanography</p