Table_3_Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean.xlsx

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.</p

Schematic representation of different domains in papain and otubain family CysPs.

<p>Candidate CysPs having specific domain types are indicated. The diagram is not drawn to scale. I29, Cathepsin propeptide inhibitor domain; Peptidase_C1, Papain family domain; GRN, Granulin like repeats; Peptidase_C65, Otubain family domain.</p

Table_7_Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean.xlsx

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.</p

Table_8_Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean.xlsx

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.</p

Molecular docking of GmC4Hs with <i>trans</i>-cinnamic acid.

On the Left, predicted 3D structure of GmC4Hs showing position of trans-cinnamic acid (green) adjacent to heme-group (blue) in protein-ligand complex. Amino acid residues interacting with ligand are shown with red color in protein structure. Middle column depicts magnified view of ligand interacting with heme-group and amino acid residue in the protein-ligand complex. Interaction of ligand with heme group showing with interacting amino acid residues and heme-group is displayed in heme-ligand interaction (right column). Pink dotted line indicates Pi-Sigma interaction, light pink showing Pi-Alkyl interaction, green showing hydrogen bond and light green showing Van der Waals interactions. Conserved alanine residue in GmC4Hs are indicated by solid black arrow.</p

Table_6_Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean.xlsx

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.</p

Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway.

(A) C4H catalyzes the conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid by adding the hydroxyl group at the 4′ position. (B) A schematic diagram depicting soybean phenylpropanoid pathway highlighting the involment of C4H (red) leading to biosynthesis of specialized metabolites such as isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, glycitein) and other end products (green highlights).</p

Protein-ligand interaction at the GmC4H active site of <i>trans</i>-cinnamic acid.

Protein-ligand interaction at the GmC4H active site of trans-cinnamic acid.</p

List of primer used for vector construction, gene cloning and qPCR.

List of primer used for vector construction, gene cloning and qPCR.</p

Table_1_Comprehensive Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases Reveals Insight Into Their Role in Partial Resistance Against Phytophthora sojae in Soybean.xlsx

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) participate in the catalytic conversion of biological compounds in a plethora of metabolic pathways, such as the biosynthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and hormones in plants. Plants utilize these metabolites for growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 346 P450 (GmP450) enzymes encoded by 317 genes in soybean where 26 GmP450 genes produced splice variants. The genome-wide comparison of both A-type and non-A-type GmP450s for their motifs composition, gene structure, tissue-specific expression, and their chromosomal distribution were determined. Even though conserved P450 signature motifs were found in all GmP450 families, larger variation within a specific motif was observed in the non-A-type GmP450s as compared with the A-type. Here, we report that the length of variable region between two conserved motifs is exact in the members of the same family in majority of the A-type GmP450. Analyses of the transcriptomic datasets from soybean-Phytophthora sojae interaction studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with P. sojae resistance, and co-expression analysis identified some GmP450s that may be, in part, play an important role in partial resistance against P. sojae. The findings of our CYPome study provides novel insights into the functions of GmP450s and their involvements in metabolic pathways in soybean. Further experiments will elucidate their roles in general and legume-specific function.</p