35 research outputs found

    Dimensionality reduction from the muscle modules: (A) Number of modules required to explain more than 90% of the variance in the entire muscle activation patterns and 75% of the variance in each muscle activation pattern.

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    <p>Fewer modules were required to reconstruct the muscle activation patterns of more impaired subjects (lower CMSH). (B–D) Number of modules that explained 90% of the variance in the data for the three subject groups. For most severely impaired subjects (b: 6 out of 8), the first module explains more than 60% of the VAF, whereas the first module explains less than 35% of VAF for most moderately impaired subjects (C: 5 out of 6), and less than 30% of VAF for most subjects with no impairment (D: 3 out of 4).</p

    Co-variation matrices (correlation coefficient <i>r</i>) of activation levels of muscle pairs across tasks, averaged within three subject groups: subjects with no impairment (CMSH 7).

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    <p>Co-variation matrices (correlation coefficient <i>r</i>) of activation levels of muscle pairs across tasks, averaged within three subject groups: subjects with no impairment (CMSH 7).</p

    Scalar-product similarity coefficient (<i>R</i>) between muscle modules: between unimpaired subjects.

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    *<p>Group U4: unimpaired subjects with four muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 3), group U5: an unimpaired subject with five muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 1).</p

    Muscle module – reconstructed activation pattern: (A) Severely impaired subject (Subject 2, low-complexity: 2 modules) (B) Severely impaired subject (Subject 3, medium-complexity: 3 modules) (C) Moderately impaired subject (Subject 13, high-complexity: 4 modules).

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    <p>Muscle module – reconstructed activation pattern: (A) Severely impaired subject (Subject 2, low-complexity: 2 modules) (B) Severely impaired subject (Subject 3, medium-complexity: 3 modules) (C) Moderately impaired subject (Subject 13, high-complexity: 4 modules).</p

    Target isometric tasks: (A) wrist flexion (WF), (B) wrist extension (WE), (C) finger extension (FE); hand open, (D) lateral pinch (LP), (E) power grip (PG), and (F) tip pinch (TP).

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    <p>Target isometric tasks: (A) wrist flexion (WF), (B) wrist extension (WE), (C) finger extension (FE); hand open, (D) lateral pinch (LP), (E) power grip (PG), and (F) tip pinch (TP).</p

    Scalar-product similarity coefficient (<i>R</i>) between muscle modules: between stroke survivors.

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    *<p>Group S2: stroke survivors with two muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 2), group S3: stroke survivors with three muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 5), group S4: stroke survivors with four muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 7).</p

    Muscle activation pattern of (A,B) severely impaired subjects: (A) Subject 3 (CMSH 3), (B) Subject 6 (CMSH 2); (C) moderately impaired subject: Subject 13 (CMSH 5); and (D) Unimpaired subject: Subject 16 (CMSH 7) across six tasks.

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    <p>Activation patterns of severely impaired subjects were very similar across different tasks (except overall magnitude) (A,B); qualitative examination of the data shows the inter-task variability, or complexity in muscle activation patterns across tasks, was greater in subjects with less impairment (i.e., higher CMSH).</p

    Muscle co-variation pattern across task: (A) Severely impaired subject (Subject 3) (B) Moderately impaired subject (Subject 12) (C) Subject with no impairment (Subject 16).

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    <p>Muscle co-variation pattern across task: (A) Severely impaired subject (Subject 3) (B) Moderately impaired subject (Subject 12) (C) Subject with no impairment (Subject 16).</p

    Nanoscale Structural Switching of Plasmonic Nanograin Layers on Hydrogel Colloidal Monolayers for Highly Sensitive and Dynamic SERS in Water with Areal Signal Reproducibility

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    Developing substrates that enable both reproducible and highly sensitive Raman detection of trace amounts of molecules in aqueous systems remains a challenge, although these substrates are crucial in biomedicine and environmental sciences. To address this issue, we report spatially uniform plasmonic nanowrinkles formed by intimate contact between plasmonic nanograins on the surface of colloidal crystal monolayers. The Au or Ag nanograin layers coated on hydrogel colloidal crystal monolayers can reversibly wrinkle and unwrinkle according to changes in the water temperature. The reversible switches are directed by surface structural changes in the colloidal crystal monolayers, while the colloids repeat the hydration–dehydration process. The Au and Ag nanowrinkles are obtained upon hydration, thus enabling the highly reproducible detection of Raman probes in water at the nano- and picomolar levels, respectively, throughout the entire substrate area. Additionally, the reversible switching of the nanostructures in the plasmonic nanograin layers causes reversible dynamic changes in the corresponding Raman signals upon varying the water temperature

    Scalar-product similarity coefficient (<i>R</i>) between muscle modules: between stroke survivors and unimpaired subjects.

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    *<p>Group S2: stroke survivors with two muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 2), group S3: stroke survivors with three muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 5), group S4: stroke survivors with four muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 7); group U4: unimpaired subjects with four muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 3), group U5: an unimpaired subject with five muscle modules (<i>n</i> = 1).</p
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