Molecular surveillance of dengue virus in field-collected Aedes mosquitoes from Bhopal, central India: evidence of circulation of a new lineage of serotype 2

IntroductionDengue fever is hyperendemic in several Southeast and South Asian countries, including India, with all four serotypes (DENV 1–4) circulating at different periods and in different locations. Sustainable and improved virological and entomological surveillance is the only tool to prevent dengue and other vector-borne diseases.ObjectivesThe present study has been carried out to detect and characterize the circulating dengue virus (DENV) in field-collected Aedes mosquitoes in Bhopal, Central India.MethodsAedes mosquitoes were collected from 29 localities within Bhopal city during October 2020 to September 2022. DENV infection was assessed in the individual head and thorax regions of Aedes mosquitoes using reverse transcriptase PCR. Positive samples were sequenced, and the circulating serotypes and genotypes were determined using phylogenetic analysis.ResultsDENV RNA was detected in 7 Aedes aegypti and 1 Aedes albopictus, with infection rates of 0.59 and 0.14%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all the isolates belonged to DENV serotype 2 and distinctly clustered with the non-Indian lineage (cosmopolitan genotype 4a), which was not recorded from the study area earlier. The time to most common recent ancestor (TMRCA) of these sequences was 7.4 years old, with the highest posterior density (HPD) of 3.5–12.2 years, indicating that this new lineage emerged during the year 2014. This is the first report on the DENV incrimination in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from Bhopal, Central India.ConclusionThe observed emergence of the non-Indian lineage of DENV-2 in Bhopal, which again is a first report from the area, coincides with the gradual increase in DENV cases in Bhopal since 2014. This study emphasizes the importance of DENV surveillance and risk assessment in this strategically important part of the country to decipher its outbreak and severe disease-causing potential

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder, typically characterized by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle or diet, environmental pollutants, genetics, gut dysbiosis, neuroendocrine alterations, and obesity are among the risk factors that predispose females to PCOS. These factors might contribute to upsurging metabolic syndrome by causing hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, impaired folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual cycles. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may play a pathogenic role in the development of PCOS. The restoration of gut microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, or a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) might serve as an innovative, efficient, and noninvasive way to prevent and mitigate PCOS. This review deliberates on the variety of risk factors potentially involved in the etiology, prevalence, and modulation of PCOS, in addition to plausible therapeutic interventions, including miRNA therapy and the eubiosis of gut microbiota, that may help treat and manage PCOS

From Cells to Environment: Exploring the Interplay between Factors Shaping Bone Health and Disease

The skeletal system is an extraordinary structure that serves multiple purposes within the body, including providing support, facilitating movement, and safeguarding vital organs. Moreover, it acts as a reservoir for essential minerals crucial for overall bodily function. The intricate interplay of bone cells plays a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis, ensuring a delicate balance. However, various factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can disrupt this vital physiological process. These factors encompass genetics, aging, dietary and lifestyle choices, the gut microbiome, environmental toxins, and more. They can interfere with bone health through several mechanisms, such as hormonal imbalances, disruptions in bone turnover, direct toxicity to osteoblasts, increased osteoclast activity, immune system aging, impaired inflammatory responses, and disturbances in the gut–bone axis. As a consequence, these disturbances can give rise to a range of bone disorders. The regulation of bone’s physiological functions involves an intricate network of continuous processes known as bone remodeling, which is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the organism. However, our understanding of the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the complex interactions between environmental factors and the host elements that affect bone health is still in its nascent stages. In light of this, this comprehensive review aims to explore emerging evidence surrounding bone homeostasis, potential risk factors influencing it, and prospective therapeutic interventions for future management of bone-related disorders

Implication of Obesity and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in the Etiology of Colorectal Cancer

The complexity and variety of gut microbiomes within and among individuals have been extensively studied in recent years in connection to human health and diseases. Our growing understanding of the bidirectional communication between metabolic diseases and the gut microbiome has also highlighted the significance of gut microbiome dysbiosis in the genesis and development of obesity-related cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the possible role of the gut microbiota in the crosstalk between obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC). Through the induction of gut microbial dysbiosis, gut epithelial barrier impairment, metabolomic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, or dysregulation in energy harvesting, obesity may promote the development of colorectal tumors. It is well known that strategies for cancer prevention and treatment are most effective when combined with a healthy diet, physical activity, and active lifestyle choices. Recent studies also suggest that an improved understanding of the complex linkages between the gut microbiome and various cancers as well as metabolic diseases can potentially improve cancer treatments and overall outcomes. In this context, we herein review and summarize the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the functional role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC concerning obesity and its metabolic correlates, which may pave the way for the development of novel prognostic tools for CRC prevention. Therapeutic approaches for restoring the microbiome homeostasis in conjunction with cancer treatments are also discussed herein

Derivation and Characterization of Novel Cytocompatible Decellularized Tissue Scaffold for Myoblast Growth and Differentiation

The selection of an appropriate scaffold is imperative for the successful development of alternative animal protein in the form of cultured meat or lab-grown meat. Decellularized tissues have been suggested as a potential scaffold for cultured meat production owing to their capacity to support an optimal environment and niche conducive to cell proliferation and growth. This approach facilitates the systematic development of 3D tissues in the laboratory. Decellularized scaffold biomaterials have characteristics of high biocompatibility, biodegradation, and various bioactivities, which could potentially address the limitations associated with synthetic bio-scaffold materials. The present study involved the derivation and characterization of a decellularized scaffold from mushroom tissue following subsequent assessment of the scaffold’s capacity to support myogenic differentiation. Mushroom sections were soaked in nuclease and detergent solution for 4 days. Furthermore, decellularization was confirmed by histology and DAPI staining, which showed the removal of cellular components and nuclei. Myoblast cells were seeded onto decellularized tissue, which exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and promoted myogenic growth and differentiation. The study’s findings can serve as a foreground for the generation of an edible and natural scaffold for producing a safe and disease-free source of alternative animal protein, potentially reducing the burden on the health sector caused by conventional animal protein production and consumption

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology, Current Management, and Future Therapeutics

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder, typically characterized by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle or diet, environmental pollutants, genetics, gut dysbiosis, neuroendocrine alterations, and obesity are among the risk factors that predispose females to PCOS. These factors might contribute to upsurging metabolic syndrome by causing hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, impaired folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual cycles. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota may play a pathogenic role in the development of PCOS. The restoration of gut microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, or a fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) might serve as an innovative, efficient, and noninvasive way to prevent and mitigate PCOS. This review deliberates on the variety of risk factors potentially involved in the etiology, prevalence, and modulation of PCOS, in addition to plausible therapeutic interventions, including miRNA therapy and the eubiosis of gut microbiota, that may help treat and manage PCOS.</jats:p

A one health approach addressing poultry-associated antimicrobial resistance: Human, animal and environmental perspectives

Antibiotics, often viewed as a solution, are now recognized as a double-edged sword due to their widespread and improper use. As the global demand for poultry products rises, antibiotics have become a seemingly indispensable tool to meet this need. However, while this practice addresses production demands, it leaves significant health concerns. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) marks the beginning of a series of unpredictable and potentially undefendable diseases. The topic of zoonosis has gained considerable attention recently, highlighting the intricate connections between humans, animals, and the environment. This review explores the specific impacts of antibiotics—particularly ARGs and ARBs—within the poultry industry, examining the driving factors behind their rise. By delving into the One Health concept, which underscores the interconnectedness of these three domains, the review also discusses innovative strategies to minimize antibiotic use in poultry farming which are vital for preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases, ensuring a healthier environment, and ultimately achieving optimal public health across all tiers of One Health

Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut&ndash;Brain Axis

Over the last few years, the microbiome has emerged as a high-priority research area to discover missing links between brain health and gut dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut&ndash;brain axis and plays a critical role in brain physiology. Engaging microbiome-generated metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, the endocrine system (including the HPA axis), tryptophan metabolism or the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in communication between the gut microbes and the brain. Humans are exposed to a wide range of pollutants in everyday life that impact our intestinal microbiota and manipulate the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, resulting in predisposition to psychiatric or neurological disorders. However, the interaction between xenobiotics, microbiota and neurotoxicity has yet to be completely investigated. Although research into the precise processes of the microbiota&ndash;gut&ndash;brain axis is growing rapidly, comprehending the implications of environmental contaminants remains challenging. In these milieus, we herein discuss how various environmental pollutants such as phthalates, heavy metals, Bisphenol A and particulate matter may alter the intricate microbiota&ndash;gut&ndash;brain axis thereby impacting our neurological and overall mental health

Deciphering the Gut&ndash;Liver Axis: A Comprehensive Scientific Review of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a significant global health issue. The condition is closely linked to metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The gut&ndash;liver axis, a bidirectional communication pathway between the liver and the gut, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review delves into the mechanisms underlying the gut&ndash;liver axis, exploring the influence of gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and inflammatory pathways. This review also explores the potential therapeutic strategies centered on modulating gut microbiota such as fecal microbiota transplantation; phage therapy; and the use of specific probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in managing NAFLD. By understanding these interactions, we can better comprehend the development and advancement of NAFLD and identify potential therapeutic targets