70 research outputs found

    European Bog Bodies: From the Iron Age peat bog to the 21st century

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    Well preserved bodies dating from the prehistoric era to the 19th century have been found across northwestern Europe; specifically, in the peat bogs of Ireland, Great Britain and Denmark. These discoveries were especially prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when mass peat extraction was at its height. Many of these finds have been dated to the Iron Age and seem to represent patterns of ritual violence. This paper focuses on three finds from the Iron Age: Graubelle man, Tollund man, and the Weerdinge couple. All of whose deaths have been at some point attributed to ritual sacrifice. This project intends to exhibit the types of information which have been and can be gleaned from the European bog bodies, and by doing so illustrate that Archaeologists have a responsibility to examine these individuals. Several specific examples from across northwestern Europe

    Incidental detection trial results by operations and maintenance staff activity.

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    Trial results by activity being performed by Operations and Maintenance staff at the time of detection during the detection trials conducted at the study sites from June 27, 2021, through July 14, 2022. (DOCX)</p

    Viewshed complexity classifications.

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    Risk of birds colliding with wind turbines, especially protected species like bald eagle and golden eagle in the U.S., is a fundamental wildlife challenge the wind industry faces when developing and operating projects. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service requires wind energy facilities that obtain eagle take permits document permit compliance through fatality monitoring. If trained Operations and Maintenance (O&M) staff can reliably detect and report carcasses during their normal routines, and their detection probability can be estimated, then their ‘incidental detections’ could contribute substantially towards demonstrating permit compliance. Our primary objective was to quantify incidental detection of eagle carcasses by O&M staff under a variety of landscape contexts and environmental conditions throughout a single year. We used the incidental detection probabilities, along with raptor carcass persistence data and area adjustments, to calculate overall probability of incidental detection (i.e., incidental g). We used feathered decoys as eagle-carcass surrogates for monthly detection trials at 6 study sites throughout the U.S. We evaluated the primary drivers of incidental detection using logit regression models including season, viewshed complexity, and a derived variable called the “density quartile” as covariates. We used an Evidence of Absence-based approach to estimate the overall probability of incidental detection. The incidental detection probabilities ranged from 0.28 to 0.78 (mean = 0.48). Detection probabilities decreased as viewshed complexity increased and as distance from the turbine increased. The resulting overall probability of incidental detection ranged from 0.07 to 0.47 (mean = 0.31). The primary drivers of variability in incidental g were detection probability and the area adjustment. Results of our research show that O&M staff were effective at detecting trial carcasses incidentally. Incorporating incidental detection in eagle fatality monitoring efforts is a reliable means of improving estimates of a facility’s direct impacts on eagles.</div

    Season dates for the incidental eagle carcass detection study.

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    Season dates for the incidental eagle carcass detection study.</p

    Overall probability of incidental detection.

    No full text
    Risk of birds colliding with wind turbines, especially protected species like bald eagle and golden eagle in the U.S., is a fundamental wildlife challenge the wind industry faces when developing and operating projects. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service requires wind energy facilities that obtain eagle take permits document permit compliance through fatality monitoring. If trained Operations and Maintenance (O&M) staff can reliably detect and report carcasses during their normal routines, and their detection probability can be estimated, then their ‘incidental detections’ could contribute substantially towards demonstrating permit compliance. Our primary objective was to quantify incidental detection of eagle carcasses by O&M staff under a variety of landscape contexts and environmental conditions throughout a single year. We used the incidental detection probabilities, along with raptor carcass persistence data and area adjustments, to calculate overall probability of incidental detection (i.e., incidental g). We used feathered decoys as eagle-carcass surrogates for monthly detection trials at 6 study sites throughout the U.S. We evaluated the primary drivers of incidental detection using logit regression models including season, viewshed complexity, and a derived variable called the “density quartile” as covariates. We used an Evidence of Absence-based approach to estimate the overall probability of incidental detection. The incidental detection probabilities ranged from 0.28 to 0.78 (mean = 0.48). Detection probabilities decreased as viewshed complexity increased and as distance from the turbine increased. The resulting overall probability of incidental detection ranged from 0.07 to 0.47 (mean = 0.31). The primary drivers of variability in incidental g were detection probability and the area adjustment. Results of our research show that O&M staff were effective at detecting trial carcasses incidentally. Incorporating incidental detection in eagle fatality monitoring efforts is a reliable means of improving estimates of a facility’s direct impacts on eagles.</div

    Study site locations included in the incidental eagle carcass detection study conducted from June 27, 2021, through July 14, 2022.

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    Study site locations included in the incidental eagle carcass detection study conducted from June 27, 2021, through July 14, 2022.</p

    Area adjustment for unviewable/unsearchable areas and proportion of viewable area.

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    Area adjustment for unviewable/unsearchable areas and proportion of viewable area.</p

    Predominant viewshed complexity classes.

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    Complexity classes by season during detection trials conducted at the study sites from June 27, 2021, through July 14, 2022. (DOCX)</p

    Parameter estimates for the best-supported (AICc) GLMM of incidental detection probability.

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    Parameter estimates for the best-supported (AICc) GLMM of incidental detection probability.</p

    Study site descriptions for the incidental eagle carcass detection studya.

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    Study site descriptions for the incidental eagle carcass detection studya.</p
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