A space-time pseudospectral discretization method for solving diffusion optimal control problems with two-sided fractional derivatives

We propose a direct numerical method for the solution of an optimal control problem governed by a two-side space-fractional diffusion equation. The presented method contains two main steps. In the first step, the space variable is discretized by using the Jacobi-Gauss pseudospectral discretization and, in this way, the original problem is transformed into a classical integer-order optimal control problem. The main challenge, which we faced in this step, is to derive the left and right fractional differentiation matrices. In this respect, novel techniques for derivation of these matrices are presented. In the second step, the Legendre-Gauss-Radau pseudospectral method is employed. With these two steps, the original problem is converted into a convex quadratic optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently by available methods. Our approach can be easily implemented and extended to cover fractional optimal control problems with state constraints. Five test examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the presented method. The results show that our method reaches the solutions with good accuracy and a low CPU time.Comment: This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is with 'Journal of Vibration and Control', available from [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/jvc]. Submitted 02-June-2018; Revised 03-Sept-2018; Accepted 12-Oct-201

Energy-Efficient Low-Complexity Algorithm in 5G Massive MIMO Systems

Energy efficiency (EE) is a critical design when taking into account circuit power consumption (CPC) in fifth-generation cellular networks. These problems arise because of the increasing number of antennas in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, attributable to inter-cell interference for channel state information. Apart from that, a higher number of radio frequency (RF) chains at the base station and active users consume more power due to the processing activities in digital-to-analogue converters and power amplifiers. Therefore, antenna selection, user selection, optimal transmission power, and pilot reuse power are important aspects in improving energy efficiency in massive MIMO systems. This work aims to investigate joint antenna selection, optimal transmit power and joint user selection based on deriving the closed-form of the maximal EE, with complete knowledge of large-scale fading with maximum ratio transmission. It also accounts for channel estimation and eliminating pilot contamination as antennasM→∞. This formulates the optimization problem of joint optimal antenna selection, transmits power allocation and joint user selection to mitigate inter-cellinterference in downlink multi-cell massiveMIMO systems under minimized reuse of pilot sequences based on a novel iterative low-complexity algorithm (LCA) for Newton’s methods and Lagrange multipliers. To analyze the precise power consumption, a novel power consumption scheme is proposed for each individual antenna, based on the transmit power amplifier and CPC. Simulation results demonstrate that the maximal EE was achieved using the iterative LCA based on reasonable maximum transmit power, in the case the noise power is less than the received power pilot. The maximum EE was achieved with the desired maximum transmit power threshold by minimizing pilot reuse, in the case the transmit power allocation ρd = 40 dBm, and the optimal EE=71.232 Mb/j

Factors influencing the adoption of RFID among logistic service providers in Libya

The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been recognized as the most powerful technology in the 21st century. RFID is a way of improving the management and operation efficiency when used in industries of logistics, manufacturing, and public information services.The aim of this study is to propose a model of the factors influencing the adoption of RFID in Logistic Service Providers (LSPs) in Libya.The research model is developed based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework.It is hypothesized that cost and complexity (from the technological context), organizational readiness and top management support (from the organizational context), and competitive pressure and government support (from the environmental context) influence the RFID adoption.Data will be gathered using a quantitative survey directed to the senior executives of LSP companies in Libya.Ordinary least square regression will be used for data analysis

Analyze of pilot reuse with achievable sum rate for massive MIMO cellular uplink

The last ten years have seen important developments of massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) in wireless communication. Massive MIMO has currently been presented in the 5G wireless standards. The number of terminals is increasing with additional appliances. At the same time, high transmission sum rates and communication reliability are required. Moreover, the multi-cell MMSE scheme, which includes an uplink MMSE and MRT decoders. Furthermore, this paper focuses how the MMSE activities all obtainable pilots for interference suppression. Specifically, this paper investigates the spectral efficiency of the massive MIMO, pilot contamination, which MMSE exploits all available pilots for interference suppression, and estimated locally at every BS, to actively suppress both intra-cell and inter-cell interference. Consequently, the average sum rate is proportional with SINR, using the linear scheme all of MMSE, ZF and optimal MMSE, while the sum rate is reverse proportional with linear decoding MRT. Then, when the number of base stations increases, the linear schemes MMSE, ZF and optimal MMSE have more convergence, while when the number of BS decreases the linear decoding schemes only have convergence except for MRT. However, at high SNR a higher number of antennas achieve better than a low number of antennas

Low computational complexity for optimizing energy efficiency in mm-wave hybrid precoding system for 5G

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communication is the spectral frontier to meet the anticipated significant volume of high data traffic processing in next-generation systems. The primary challenges in mm-wave can be overcome by reducing complexity and power consumption by large antenna arrays for massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems. However, the circuit power consumption is expected to increase rapidly. The precoding in mm-wave mMIMO systems cannot be successfully achieved at baseband using digital precoders, owing to the high cost and power consumption of signal mixers and analog-to-digital converters. Nevertheless, hybrid analog–digital precoders are considered a cost-effective solution. In this work, we introduce a novel method for optimizing energy efficiency (EE) in the upper-bound multiuser (MU) - mMIMO system and the cost efficiency of quantized hybrid precoding (HP) design. We propose effective alternating minimization algorithms based on the zero gradient method to establish fully-connected structures (FCSs) and partially-connected structures (PCSs). In the alternating minimization algorithms, low complexity is proposed by enforcing an orthogonal constraint on the digital precoders to realize the joint optimization of computational complexity and communication power. Therefore, the alternating minimization algorithm enhances HP by improving the performance of the FCS through advanced phase extraction, which involves high complexity. Meanwhile, the alternating minimization algorithm develops a PCS to achieve low complexity using HP. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm for MU - mMIMO systems improves EE. The power-saving ratio is also enhanced for PCS and FCS by 48.3% and 17.12%, respectively

Legal Protection of Islamic Banks, Challenges and Solutions

The Islamic banking industry is an important part of the financial system in any country that has this type of banking. Islamic banking institutions are regulated by several laws and regulations as same as conventional banks. The Islamic banking Act and general banking law, financial laws, and other related laws are the main piece of law for organizing the Islamic banking system. One of the main challenges that facing Islamic banking institutions is the lack of a legal framework to protect Islamic banking and manage these banks. The legal framework of the Islamic banking industry includes special Islamic banking law and other laws that have relation to Islamic banks such as finance law and company law. The two main legal challenges of Islamic banking institutions is lack of legal framework and lack of Sharia court to deal with disputes and issues relating to Islamic banking cases. thus, it is necessary for Islamic banking institutions to have special Islamic banking law and provisions in other law that they regulate Islamic banking institutions. Therefore, enacting Islamic banking law and amending some other laws to include the Islamic banking industry is needed. Furthermore, establishing a Sharia court to settle Islamic banking cases when there are disputes. Alternatively, appointing Shariah experts and professionals in Islamic banking issues in civil court can be an alternative solution for dealing with Islamic banking cases. Purpose of The Paper: The purpose of this study is to find out the legal challenges that face Islamic banks, and then find proper solutions for these challenges. Methodology and Approach: The qualitative method-based is applied for this study as qualitative research is a proper method for conducting this type of research. The study uses various documents and content analysis approach to understand and analyse the nature of legal challenges of Islamic banking institutions. In this paper, both primary and secondary materials are part of the data collection. Thus, Acts, books, academic journals are used for collecting data for the purpose of this research.  Findings: It is found that the current legal framework of the Islamic banking industry needs to be reformed to be a proper legal framework. Therefore, related laws and regulations to Islamic banks should be amended to cover Islamic banking institutions. In addition. Islamic banking Act is necessary to be enacted for regulation Islamic banks. Furthermore, establishing a Sharia court or appointing qualified Shariah scholars in civil court is necessary for resolving legal challenges that face Islamic banking institutions. Keywords: Islamic Banking, Legal Issues, Shariah Court, Civil Court DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/107-10 Publication date:March 31st 202

Dispute Resolution of Islamic Financial Institutions, Court Litigation and Negotiation

Dispute resolution in the Islamic financial sector is one of the current debates among regulators and Sharia scholars. When Islamic financial institutions have a dispute with their customers, have to search for a solution. The first step for the Islamic financial institutions for resolving the dispute is to start negotiation with their clients. Islamic financial institution negotiates with the client through Shariah supervisory committee members. Sharia scholars of the committee are experts in Shariah law. These Shariah members have an excellent reputation and well-known in society. Hence, the negotiation starts with the client resolving the dispute in order to not go to court. The advantages of the negotiation are taking less cost and less time and it is confidential which is very important for the Islamic financial institution. However, the decision that is reached by negotiation maybe not binding on the parties which consider a disadvantage of the negotiation method. If the parties could not resolve the dispute by negotiation, then the case will go to court. Most of the courts either based on the civil or common law system. Therefore, the decision made by these courts maybe not the right decision as the judges decide on the Shariah case according to civil or common law. Despite the court process take long time and is costly, but the decision that is made by the court is binding on the institution and the client. Some countries decide on Islamic financial legal cases in Shariah courts, such as the Kingdom of Bahrain. In a country like the UK, the decision on the Islamic financial cases will be under the English law system. Therefore, the Bahraini approach is an ideal solution, and the Malaysian approach is one of the best solutions, as the court refers to Shariah Advisory Council when the case is about Islamic finance.  Purpose of This Paper: This paper purposes to observe the dispute resolution of Islamic financial legal cases and find solutions for the disputes between the Islamic financial institutions and their customer according to the current legal system in the world.  Research Method: This research applies a qualitative descriptive method and analysis legal cases related to Islamic finance.  the researcher describes the dispute resolution of Islamic financial institutions and then analyses the result of the research. The data collection for this research is from primary and secondary sources. Thus, court cases, books, journals, and related websites are the main source for data collection for this study. Findings: It is found that the current legal court system in many countries is not proper for resolving issues that arise between Islamic financial institutions and their clients. Thus, dispute resolution in the Islamic financial industry needs to be resolved by negotiation and mediation between the Islamic financial institutions and their customers. Furthermore, the courts have crucial rules in resolving these issues. However, lack of the Shariah courts in many countries in the world makes civil or common law courts decide on the issues, which judges are appointed on these courts do not have Shariah background. Keywords: Dispute resolution, Civil law court, Common law court, Negotiation, and Court litigation. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/90-04 Publication date: March 31st 202

Adsorption of Malachite Green and Methyl Green on Cow bone

The animal bone meal prepared from the Cow bone has been investigated as a low cost solid adsorbent used for the removal of the hazardous Malachite Green (MG) and Methyl Green (MeG) from wastewater. It was proved that the concentration used was 200ppm as adsorption of MG and MeG dyes. The study was carried out in a batch system to optimize operation variables: working temperature, time and pH for the same adsorbent quantity of bone ash dye solution. This procedure is particularly suitable and has low cost system for purification of wastewater from MG and MeG at relatively short period of time. Keywords: wastewater, Animal (Cow) Bone, Malachite Green, Methyl Green, Spectrophotometer

Islamic Banking Industry of Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities

Islamic banks have a crucial role in developing any country's economy. In a country like Turkey with the majority of people are Muslim, Islamic banks could have a vital role in developing a country’s financial system. The Islamic banking industry in Turkey faces several challenges which affect Islamic banks negatively. Firstly, the lack of a proper Islamic banking legal framework which includes the lack of a special Islamic banking Act. This issue is considered a main legal challenge for Islamic banks in the country. Thus, enacting Islamic banking law and amending current financial laws is the main key to developing the Islamic banking sector in the country.  Secondly, the lack of qualified Islamic banking experts both staff and managers is another main challenge for Islamic banks in Turkey. Therefore, Islamic banks with the cooperation of the Central Bank of Turkey should have a special plan and program for educating Islamic banking staff. Thirdly, the Lack of public awareness is another challenge that faces Islamic banks in Turkey. The public of Turkey does not have sufficient information about Islamic banking principles. As a result, most of the people of Turkey invest in conventional banks rather than Islamic banks. Therefore, Islamic banks must provide information about Islamic banking products and use various methods to reach the public. In addition, the Central Bank of Turkey should have an important role in resolving issues of Islamic banks in Turkey.   Purpose of This Paper This paper proposes to examine the Islamic banking industry in Turkey according to the modern Islamic banking system. In addition, the challenges facing Islamic banks in Turkey are examined to find solutions for these challenges. Research Method This research applies a qualitative descriptive method and analyzes legal cases related to Islamic banks in Turkey. The researcher describes the challenges of the Islamic banking industry in Turkey and then analyses the result of this paper. The data collection for this research is from primary and secondary sources. Hence, Acts, books, journals, conference papers, and online sites are the main sources for data collection for this study. Findings The research found that the Islamic banking industry of Turkey has various issues. These issues impact negatively Islamic banks in the country as a result, slow down the development of the Islamic banking industry. Lack of proper legal framework, shortage of manpower and experts in the industry, and lack of awareness are the main challenges facing Islamic banks in Turkey. Therefore, this paper found proper solutions for these issues which assist the Islamic banking industry in this country. Keywords: The Islamic banking industry in Turkey, Islamic banking Law, Legal issues, Human capital issues, and Public awareness. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/147-02 Publication date: March 28th 202