Service evaluation: identification of gaps in choking prevention advice for children in the South Coast of England, UK

Choking, also known as foreign body airway obstruction, is the blockage of respiration by a foreign body in the airway including the trachea, hypopharynx and pharynx. Among young children, choking is one of the leading causes of death among unintentional injuries, thus making it a significant public health issue. Children under 5 have the highest risk of choking compared with other children and adults. In 2016, of the approximately 1900 choking episodes resulting in emergency calls in London, 40% were for children under 5.Common items that children may choke on include food, toys and coins. Round objects that can adapt to the shape of a child’s airway are most likely to cause complete obstruction of the airways such as grapes, peanuts and hard sweets.To reduce the incidence of these events, choking prevention advice for parents/caregivers is critical. One study showed that parents who lacked awareness of food choking hazards were more likely to give foods to their children that increase choking risk. Conversely, studies conducted in Israel and Crete showed a decline in choking cases in children after implementing educational choking prevention programmes.Healthcare professionals (HCPs) such as general practitioners (GPs), paediatric nurses and health visitors play a significant role in providing choking prevention advice to parents/caregivers. During their professional training, these HCPs have typically received choking prevention and management teaching. However, in clinical practice, it is unclear how routinely these roles are being carried out.</p

Intercept and coefficient values of fitted generalized linear models incorporating either farmers PQ estimates or BIAT D-scores as predictors of badger killing behaviour as reported via RRT.

<p>Intercept and coefficient values of fitted generalized linear models incorporating either farmers PQ estimates or BIAT D-scores as predictors of badger killing behaviour as reported via RRT.</p

N‑Linked Glycan Profiling in Neuroblastoma Cell Lines

Although <i>MYCN</i> amplification has been associated with aggressive neuroblastoma, the molecular mechanisms that differentiate low-risk, <i>MYCN</i>-nonamplified neuroblastoma from high-risk, <i>MYCN</i>-amplified disease are largely unknown. Genomic and proteomic studies have been limited in discerning differences in signaling pathways that account for this heterogeneity. N-Linked glycosylation is a common protein modification resulting from the attachment of sugars to protein residues and is important in cell signaling and immune response. Aberrant N-linked glycosylation has been routinely linked to various cancers. In particular, glycomic markers have often proven to be useful in distinguishing cancers from precancerous conditions. Here, we perform a systematic comparison of N-linked glycomic variation between <i>MYCN</i>-nonamplified SY5Y and <i>MYCN</i>-amplified NLF cell lines with the aim of identifying changes in sugar abundance linked to high-risk neuroblastoma. Through a combination of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis, we identified 16 glycans that show a statistically significant change in abundance between NLF and SY5Y samples. Closer examination revealed the preference for larger (in terms of total monosaccharide count) and more sialylated glycan structures in the <i>MYCN</i>-amplified samples in comparison to smaller, nonsialylated glycans that are more dominant in the <i>MYCN</i>-nonamplified samples. These results offer clues for deriving marker candidates for accurate neuroblastoma risk diagnosis

Additional file 1 of ‘Nowhere and no one is safe’: spatial analysis of damage to critical civilian infrastructure in the Gaza Strip during the first phase of the Israeli military campaign, 7 October to 22 November 2023

Supplementary Material

Scanning electron microscopy of <i>Candida tropicalis</i> 519468 (x 1.20 K) treated with 2% OligoG with/without fluconazole (FLC).

<p>FLC was used at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 µg/mL (equivalent to ‘below’, ‘at’ and ‘above’ the MIC value respectively). Scale bar is 40 µm.</p

AFM imaging of <i>Candida tropicalis</i> 519468 grown on polystyrene with/without 2% OligoG and/or fluconazole (FLC).

<p>FLC was used at 1 mg/L (equivalent to the MIC) with more rounded cells (post OligoG treatment), more flattened cells (post fluconazole treatment) and both flattened, and “wrinkled” cells (post combination treatment) apparent. Z scale of 7.5 µm. Scale bar is 15 µm.</p

MIC of antifungals alone and with increasing concentrations of OligoG (2, 6, 10%) for a range of <i>Candida</i> spp.

<p>*MIC values of fluconazole for <i>C. tropicalis</i> strains (519468 and T2.2) were determined at 36 h.</p><p>Bold numbers indicate a Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI)≤0.5; indicative of synergy <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112518#pone.0112518-Odds1" target="_blank">[25]</a>.</p><p>MIC of antifungals alone and with increasing concentrations of OligoG (2, 6, 10%) for a range of <i>Candida</i> spp.</p

Strains used for susceptibility testing and their source.

1<p>Resistant to 5-flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole.</p>2<p>Recommended by CLSI as reference strains for antifungal susceptibility testing.</p><p>Strains used for susceptibility testing and their source.</p

Germ tube assays.

<p>(A) Light microscopy images of <i>Candida albicans</i> (CCUG 39343) cells grown with/without the presence of OligoG, (Scale bar is 100 µm). (B) Percentage of <i>Candida</i> cells producing hyphae for four different strains grown for 2 hours in the presence of OligoG (0, 0.2, 0.5, 2, 6 and 10%). <i>Candida glabrata</i> as a non-hyphae producer was the negative control. *indicates significantly different from the control, (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

LIVE/DEAD fluorescence imaging of <i>Candida tropicalis</i> 519468.

<p>Biofilms were grown for 24 h at 37°C showing vital live cells (green) versus dead cells (red). (A) Untreated control. (B) 2% OligoG.</p