Breast cancer diagnosis: a survey of pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification

Machine learning methods have been an interesting method in the field of medical for many years, and they have achieved successful results in various fields of medical science. This paper examines the effects of using machine learning algorithms in the diagnosis and classification of breast cancer from mammography imaging data. Cancer diagnosis is the identification of images as cancer or non-cancer, and this involves image preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and performance analysis. This article studied 93 different references mentioned in the previous years in the field of processing and tries to find an effective way to diagnose and classify breast cancer. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that most of today’s successful methods focus on the use of deep learning methods. Finding a new method requires an overview of existing methods in the field of deep learning methods in order to make a comparison and case study

Physico-mechanical properties of rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain as affected by variety and moisture content

 M. Sadeghi, H. Ashtiani Araghi, A. Hemmat(Department of Farm Machinery, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran) Abstract: Rice varieties in Isfahan Province (central Iran) have high breakage losses during processing.  In order to optimize the design of machinery used for milling of these varieties it is quite important to determine their engineering properties.  In this study, physical and mechanical properties of Sorkheh and Sazandegi varieties were determined at three moisture content levels.  To determine the mechanical properties, compression and three-point bending tests were conducted.  It was observed that, by increasing moisture content, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, true density, and angle of repose were all increased, whereas bulk density decreased.  In contrary to the moisture content at the tested range, variety had a significant effect on rough rice mechanical properties.  For Sorkheh, the average fracture force, fracture energy, modulus of elasticity, and toughness obtained by compression test, were 169.1 N, 44.2 J×10-3, 996.1 MPa, and 1.88 MJ/m3, respectively.  The corresponding values for Sazandegi were 125.1 N, 24.4 J×10-3, 555.6 MPa, and 1.11 MJ/m3.  In three-point bending test, the average fracture force, fracture energy, and bending strength of Sorkheh were 24.2 N, 5.1 J×10-3, and 23.4 MPa, respectively.  For Sazandegi, these values were 19.1 N, 3.7 J×10-3, and 17.7 MPa, respectively.  Comparison of obtained mechanical properties with the literature revealed that the high milling losses of Isfahan province rice varieties could be due to the methods and devices used for their processing operations.Keywords: mechanical characteristic, milling, moisture content, physical property, Iran Citation: Sadeghi M, H. Ashtiani Araghi, A. Hemmat.  Physico-mechanical properties of rough rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain as affected by variety and moisture content.  Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010, 12(3): 129-136. &nbsp

A Novel Analytical Solution to Steady-State Evaporation from Soil and Film Region Thickness

Evaporation from soil and other porous media constitutes a significant source of water loss affecting global water balance and energy exchange between land and atmosphere. The presence of a shallow water table can lead to sustained water loss that is dependent on porous media hydraulic properties and water table depth among other factors. In this paper, an exact analytical solution to steady state evaporation from porous media is developed using the Brooks-Corey hydraulic conductivity model. The solution is presented in terms of a set of infinite series. An advantage of this solution compared to previous derivations is that the infinite series can be very closely approximated using a closed-form solution (i.e., excluding integrals or series). The novel solution shows excellent agreement with the exact solution for a broad range of soil texture from sand to clay. The applicability of the solution to predict the location of the drying front was also verified using experimental data taken from the literature. The solution may be used for directly modeling steady state evaporation or for inverse determination of the Brooks-Corey hydraulic parameters

ASSESSING THE FUNCTION OF NEW SHOPPING CENTERS IN FORMATION OF GLOBALIZATION OF CONSUMPTION (CASE STUDY: MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS 1 AND 2 OF TEHRAN)

Abstract. In recent years and pursuing economic justification in the progress of globalization of economy, we have witnessed formation of production globalization around the world; and it has been followed by globalization of consumption. Tehran has embraced many changes in its fabric and skeleton which not only changed appearance of the city in certain, but also there are some issues growing, studying of which will help experts of various fields in relation with urban issues. In this research, we tried to investigate the formation of large shopping centers in Tehran City and focus on the relationship between globalization, capital accumulation, formation of consuming city, and growth of large shopping centers in Tehran City from this point of view. Findings of this research indicated that there is a direct relationship between those two variables and Tehran is becoming a consuming city. Also, the results showed that there isa significant relationship between spatial arrangements of shopping centers with their customers.Keywords: globalization, globalization of consumption, consuming city, Tehran, shopping centers, case study

Experimental Study on the Effect of Excitation Type on the Output-Only Modal Analysis Results

Output-only Modal Analysis (OMA) has found extensive use in the identification of dynamic properties of structures. This study aims to investigate the effect of excitation force on the accuracy of modal parameters. For this purpose, the modal parameters of a simply supported beam are obtained through the Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) and the OMA method using three different types of artificial and natural excitations, namely a shaker, acoustic waves, and environmental noise. Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) technique is used to identify dynamic characteristics. Finally, these results are compared with those obtained by the analytical method and the EMA method. The results demonstrated the following: 1) Acoustic excitation presents the natural frequencies with the smallest errors in comparison with the analytical results. 2) Inaccuracy is observed at certain natural frequencies during the excitation with a shaker with respect to the connecting point between the shaker and the beam. 3) Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) showed that the mode shapes extracted by the acoustic excitations are more similar to the analytical results

Study of use of pumice stone with sequencing batch reactor for treatment of dairy industries wastewate

Background and aims: Dairy industries generate a large amount of wastewater that contains high concentrations of carbonaceous and nitrogenous organic materials. Discharge of these wastewaters as untreated into environment leads to serious contaminations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pumice stone application with sequencing batch reactor to remove organic compounds in dairy wastewaters. Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at bench scale, two processes of sequencing batch reactor, conventional and equipped with pumice stone, were used as treatment models. In commissioning phase of systems, the sludge of municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent acclimatization for 9 days. Then, each reactor was inoculated with 2.5 liters of the sludge. In operation step, the reactors were continuously monitored for 36 days and the efficiency of the system for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), proportion of total solids (TS) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was measured. Results: The mean removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, TS and TKN was respectively 61.8±9.4, 58.5±8.6, 64.9±2.5 and 46.5±22.5 for the reactor without batch and 67.5±9.4, 63.4±11.8, 66.7±3.2, 62.2±15.7 for the reactor equipped with batch. By these results, removal efficiency of COD and TKN by the batch-equipped system had a significant difference from removal efficiency of these parameters by the system without batch (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated increased removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, TS and TKN in sequencing batch reactor when pumice stone is used as microbial growth batch in reactor. This model could be considered as a suitable choice for treatment of dairy wastewaters

The study of enhanced coagulation process efficacy and direct filtration’s effectiveness on elimination of natural organic materials from surface waters

زمینه و هدف: یکی از مشکلات اصلی استفاده از منابع آب های سطحی، غلظت بالای مواد آلی طبیعی آن است. مواد آلی طبیعی پیش ساز محصولات جانبی گندزدایی بوده و برخی از این مواد می توانند برای انسان سمی یا سرطان زا باشند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی کارآیی فرآیند انعقاد پیشرفته و فیلتراسیون مستقیم برای حذف مواد آلی طبیعی از آب های سطحی بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه نیمه تجربی، پایلوت برای انعقاد پیشرفته با فیلتراسیون مستقیم با ظرفیت 144 لیتر بر ساعت طراحی شد. تالاب چغاخور واقع در 65 کیلومتری شهرکرد به عنوان محل نمونه برداری انتخاب و نمونه ها برداشت شد. جهت سنجش مواد آلی طبیعی (NOMs) از روش جذب UV در طول موج 254 نانومتر بوسیله دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر استفاده شد. در این پژوهش تأثیر pH، دوز منعقد کننده کلروفریک (FeCl3) و دبی ورودی به سیستم بر حذف مواد آلی طبیعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که در شرایط بهینه میزان حذف NOMs حدود 94 درصد بود و مقدار باقیمانده آلاینده به کمتر از mg/l 2 رسید. شرایط بهینه برای حذف مواد آلی طبیعی در pH 2/6، دوز کلروفریک mg/l 60 و دبی l/h 95 اتفاق افتاد. بر اساس تحلیل اثر عوامل مورد بررسی، غلظت ماده منعقد کننده بیشترین اثر را بر راندمان حذف NOMs داشته و به ترتیب pH و دبی در رتبه های بعدی قرار داشتند. نتیجه گیری: طبق نتایج بدست آمده، انعقاد پیشرفته بوسیله کلروفریک با فیلتراسیون مستقیم می تواند بازدهی حذف مواد آلی طبیعی در تصفیه خانه آب را بهبود دهد