Manipulation of Droplets by Dynamically Controlled Wetting Gradients

The reversible transportation of droplets was realized by spatiotemporal control of the wetting gradient. The surface wetting was reversibly regulated by using electrochemical reactions of the ferrocenyl (Fc) alkanethiol monolayer, and the wetting gradient was generated by the application of the in-plane bias voltage to the substrate. The back-and-forth motion of the wetting boundary, where the surface changed from wetting to repulsive, sequentially caused a droplet unidirectional spreading and shrinking on the surface. These unidirectional deformations resulted in the net transport of the droplet in an inchwormlike manner. The droplet moved backward when the direction of the in-plane bias voltage was reversed

Results of dimension reduction of cell population profiles using the DEEF method.

The reduction preserves the change in the marker expression along the time course for each marker (pAkt, pERK, pPLCγ2, and pS6). Left panels are the median values for each marker expression, which match those in the original study. Right panels are the median values for the distribution reproduced using the top three θ coordinates, namely θlast with the highest negative eigenvalue and θ1 and θ2 with the highest positive eigenvalues (K = 3). (b) 25th and 65th images of 91 images as examples of the estimated cell population profiles between the measurements of Replicate1 after EGF stimulation. The corresponding points in the θ coordinate space are indicated by red dots.</p

Graphical outline of proposed method.

The outline of DEEF for embedding data from multiple distributions in the θ coordinate space with its compositional distribution F.</p

Manipulation of Droplets by Dynamically Controlled Wetting Gradients

The reversible transportation of droplets was realized by spatiotemporal control of the wetting gradient. The surface wetting was reversibly regulated by using electrochemical reactions of the ferrocenyl (Fc) alkanethiol monolayer, and the wetting gradient was generated by the application of the in-plane bias voltage to the substrate. The back-and-forth motion of the wetting boundary, where the surface changed from wetting to repulsive, sequentially caused a droplet unidirectional spreading and shrinking on the surface. These unidirectional deformations resulted in the net transport of the droplet in an inchwormlike manner. The droplet moved backward when the direction of the in-plane bias voltage was reversed

Comparison of (a) original parameter space, (b) <i>θ</i> coordinate space, and (c) MDS coordinate space in normal set with the two parameters.

The theoretical KL-divergence-based distance from one member distribution (black point) is visualized by the color scale. The Euclidean distance in the original parameter space does not match the KL-divergence-based distance. The Euclidean distance in the MDS space approximates the KL-divergence-based distance, but the parameter structure is broken, unlike the case when embedding in the coordinate space.</p

<i>F</i>₂ and <i>F</i>₃ of EGF stimulation data on SPADE tree.

(a) Created SPADE tree with cluster number labels. (b) SPADE trees with four-marker expression. The color represents each marker expression value. (c) SPADE trees with F1 and F2 values. Each cluster was assigned F1 and F2 values of the grid to which the representative location of the cluster belongs. (d) Region of Cluster 2 of SPADE tree of EGF stimulation data. The corresponding regions of SPADE Cluster 2 are shown by a red circles in the density plots of the four markers obtained 6 minutes after EGF stimulation for Replicate1.</p

Scatter plot of pAKT and pS6 at 10 time points after EGF stimulation.

For each replicate and condition, 2,000 randomly selected cells are plotted. The black dotted line represents the grids. The cell population profile changes dynamically after EGF stimulation but it is difficult to capture and evaluate this quantitatively using the raw data.</p

Manipulation of Droplets by Dynamically Controlled Wetting Gradients

The reversible transportation of droplets was realized by spatiotemporal control of the wetting gradient. The surface wetting was reversibly regulated by using electrochemical reactions of the ferrocenyl (Fc) alkanethiol monolayer, and the wetting gradient was generated by the application of the in-plane bias voltage to the substrate. The back-and-forth motion of the wetting boundary, where the surface changed from wetting to repulsive, sequentially caused a droplet unidirectional spreading and shrinking on the surface. These unidirectional deformations resulted in the net transport of the droplet in an inchwormlike manner. The droplet moved backward when the direction of the in-plane bias voltage was reversed

Application of DEEF to EGF stimulation data.

The dynamics of the whole cell population profile are visualized and the dominant patterns that explain differences are extracted. (a) θ coordinate plot for coordinates θ1, θ2 and θ3 (i.e., those with the top positive eigenvalues). (b) F1 and F2 in DEEF for pAkt and pS6. The density plot was generated from 10,000 randomly sampled data points from the standardized exp(Fi).</p

Thermopower of Benzenedithiol and C₆₀ Molecular Junctions with Ni and Au Electrodes

We have performed thermoelectric measurements of benzenedithiol (BDT) and C₆₀ molecules with Ni and Au electrodes using a home-built scanning tunneling microscope. The thermopower of C₆₀ was negative for both Ni and Au electrodes, indicating the transport of carriers through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in both cases, as was expected from the work functions. On the other hand, the Ni–BDT–Ni junctions exhibited a negative thermopower, whereas the Au–BDT–Au junctions exhibited a positive thermopower. First-principle calculations revealed that the negative thermopower of Ni–BDT–Ni junctions is due to the spin-split hybridized states generated by the highest occupied molecular orbital of BDT coupled with <i>s</i>- and <i>d</i>-states of the Ni electrode