Analytical procedure.

Many studies have investigated language poverty related to aspects of economic assistance, water scarcity, gender inequality, climate change, etc. However, a focus on language policy discourse has been lacking. Language policy discourse is vital because it can be deemed as preliminary to language poverty alleviation action, influencing the success of its implementation. To fill this gap, this study employed positive discourse analysis to investigate discursive strategies used in the discourse of language poverty alleviation in Chinese language policies. The finding shows that through four main discursive strategies–nomination, argumentation, perspectivisation, and predication–official documents concerning language poverty alleviation constructed motivational discourse and applied campaign-style mobilisation to encourage people to follow the implementation of language poverty alleviation. This study sheds light on the official purpose of using certain discursive strategies in language poverty alleviation discourse and some ideological implications behind it and sets an example of the popularisation of official languages to tackle poverty alleviation from a linguistic perspective for other countries/regions.</div

Analytical framework.

Many studies have investigated language poverty related to aspects of economic assistance, water scarcity, gender inequality, climate change, etc. However, a focus on language policy discourse has been lacking. Language policy discourse is vital because it can be deemed as preliminary to language poverty alleviation action, influencing the success of its implementation. To fill this gap, this study employed positive discourse analysis to investigate discursive strategies used in the discourse of language poverty alleviation in Chinese language policies. The finding shows that through four main discursive strategies–nomination, argumentation, perspectivisation, and predication–official documents concerning language poverty alleviation constructed motivational discourse and applied campaign-style mobilisation to encourage people to follow the implementation of language poverty alleviation. This study sheds light on the official purpose of using certain discursive strategies in language poverty alleviation discourse and some ideological implications behind it and sets an example of the popularisation of official languages to tackle poverty alleviation from a linguistic perspective for other countries/regions.</div

Information of the selected data.

Many studies have investigated language poverty related to aspects of economic assistance, water scarcity, gender inequality, climate change, etc. However, a focus on language policy discourse has been lacking. Language policy discourse is vital because it can be deemed as preliminary to language poverty alleviation action, influencing the success of its implementation. To fill this gap, this study employed positive discourse analysis to investigate discursive strategies used in the discourse of language poverty alleviation in Chinese language policies. The finding shows that through four main discursive strategies–nomination, argumentation, perspectivisation, and predication–official documents concerning language poverty alleviation constructed motivational discourse and applied campaign-style mobilisation to encourage people to follow the implementation of language poverty alleviation. This study sheds light on the official purpose of using certain discursive strategies in language poverty alleviation discourse and some ideological implications behind it and sets an example of the popularisation of official languages to tackle poverty alleviation from a linguistic perspective for other countries/regions.</div

Distribution of each discursive strategy contributing to the Chinese LPA discourse.

Distribution of each discursive strategy contributing to the Chinese LPA discourse.</p

Formation of Volatile Pyrazinones in the Asparagine Maillard Reaction Systems and Novel Pyrazinone Formation Pathways in the Amidated-Alanine Maillard Reaction Systems

Maillard reaction (MR) plays a pivotal role in the food flavor industry, including a cascade of reactions starting with the reaction between amino compounds and reducing sugars, and thus provides various colors and flavors. A new group of volatile compounds called pyrazinones found in MR are now getting more attention. In this study, eight volatile pyrazinones were found in the asparagine MR systems, in which 3,5-dimethyl- and 3,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones were reported for the first time. The major formation pathways were the reactions between asparagine and α-dicarbonyls, with decarboxylation as a critical step. Besides, novel alternative pathways involving alanine amidation and successive reactions with α-dicarbonyls were explored and successfully formed eight pyrazinones. The major differences between alanine-amidated pathways and decarboxylation pathways are the amidation step and absence of the decarboxylation step. For the alanine-amidated pathways, the higher the temperature, the better the amidation effect. The optimal amidation temperature was 200 °C in this study. The reaction between the alanine amide and α-dicarbonyls after amidation can happen at low temperatures, such as 35 and 50 °C, proposing the possibility of pyrazinone formation in real food systems. Further investigations should be conducted to investigate volatile pyrazinones in various food systems as well as the biological effects and kinetic formation differences of the volatile pyrazinones

Visible-Light-Promoted Selective Oxidation of Alcohols Using a Covalent Triazine Framework

The formation of aldehydes and ketones via selective oxidation of alcohols is an essential transformation in organic synthesis. However, the usually harsh reaction conditions using toxic metal catalysts or corrosive reagents lead to undesired side products and wastes. Environmentally friendly and mild reaction conditions using metal-free catalysts remain a huge challenge. Herein, we report the use of a thiophene-based covalent triazine framework (CTF) as pure organic and visible-light-active photocatalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols at room temperature. Molecular oxygen was activated as a clean and selective oxidant. The high selectivity and efficiency of the pure organic photocatalyst could be demonstrated and were comparable to those of the state-of-art metal or nonmetal catalytic systems reported

Formation of Volatile Pyrazinones in Amadori Rearrangement Products and Maillard Reaction Systems and the Major Formation Pathways

Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) are gaining more attention for their potential usage in the food flavor industry. Peptide-ARPs have been studied, but pyrazinones that were theoretically found in the Maillard reaction (MR) have not been reported to be formed from small peptide-ARPs. This study found four pyrazinones: 1-methyl-, 1,5-dimethyl-, 1,6-dimethyl-, and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones in both MR and ARP systems. It was the first time 1-methyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone was reported, along with 1,5-dimethyl- and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones being purified and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance for the first time. The primary formation routes of the pyrazinones were also proven as the reaction between diglycine and α-dicarbonyls, including glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl. The pyrazinones, especially 1,5-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, have strong fluorescence intensity, which may be the reason for the increase of fluorescence intensity in MR besides α-dicarbonyls. Cytotoxicity analysis showed that both Gly-/Digly-/Trigly-ARP and the three pyrazinones [1-methyl-, 1,5-dimethyl-, and 1,5,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinones] showed no prominent cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cell line below 100 μg/mL, further suggesting that ARPs or pyrazinones could be used as flavor additives in the future. Further research should be conducted to investigate pyrazinones in various systems, especially the peptide-ARPs, which are ubiquitous in real food systems

Photocatalytic Regioselective and Stereoselective [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Styrene Derivatives Using a Heterogeneous Organic Photocatalyst

Photocatalytic [2 + 2] cycloaddition is a useful tool for the synthesis of cyclobutane derivatives, which contributes a large part to natural compound production. Usually, the [2 + 2] cycloadditions are catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Here, we report the use of a pure organic photocatalyst based on a conjugated microporous polymer network for the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of styrene derivatives under the irradiation of visible light. Both unsymmetrical and homocycloaddition could be obtained with high conversion and selectivity. In addition, natural products, such as di-<i>O</i>-methylendiandrin A and endiandrin A are also synthesized with a high catalytic efficiency

Photocatalytic Selective Bromination of Electron-Rich Aromatic Compounds Using Microporous Organic Polymers with Visible Light

Pure organic, heterogeneous, metal-free, and visible light-active photocatalysts offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional metal-based catalysts. Here we report a series of microporous organic polymers containing photoactive conjugated organic semiconductor units as heterogeneous photocatalysts for a visible-light-promoted, highly selective bromination reaction of electron-rich aromatic compounds using HBr as a bromine source and molecular oxygen as a clean oxidant. Via a simple Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction, the microporous organic polymers were obtained by cross-linking of organic semiconductor compounds with defined valence and conduction band positions. The utilization of the simply prepared porous polymer-based photocatalytic systems opens new opportunities toward a sustainable and efficient material design for catalysis

High-Performance Airflow Sensors Based on Suspended Ultralong Carbon Nanotube Crossed Networks

Airflow sensors are in huge demand in many fields such as the aerospace industry, weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, chemical and biological engineering, health monitoring, wearable smart devices, etc. However, traditional airflow sensors can hardly meet the requirements of these applications in the aspects of sensitivity, response speed, detection threshold, detection range, and power consumption. Herein, this work reports high-performance airflow sensors based on suspended ultralong carbon nanotube (CNT) crossed networks (SCNT-CNs). The unique topologies of SCNT-CNs with abundant X junctions can fully exhibit the extraordinary intrinsic properties of ultralong CNTs and significantly improve the sensing performance and robustness of SCNT-CNs-based airflow sensors, which simultaneously achieved high sensitivity, fast response speed, low detection threshold, and wide detection range. Moreover, the capability for encapsulation also guaranteed the practicality of SCNT-CNs, enabling their applications in respiratory monitoring, flow rate display and transient response analysis. Simulations were used to unveil the sensing mechanisms of SCNT-CNs, showing that the piezoresistive responses were mainly attributed to the variation of junction resistances. This work shows that SCNT-CNs have many superiorities in the fabrication of advanced airflow sensors as well as other related applications