81 research outputs found

    Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor - Fig 3

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    <p>(A) Comparisons between the theoretical and the empirical <i>p</i><sub><i>ij</i></sub> for four selected countries. (B) The simulated “triangular structure” from Eqs (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129955#pone.0129955.e010" target="_blank">5</a>) and (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0129955#pone.0129955.e011" target="_blank">6</a>); the colors represent ln <i>p</i><sub><i>ij</i></sub>.</p

    Superwetting pH-Responsive Polyaniline Coatings: Toward Versatile Separation of Complex Oil–Water Mixtures

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    Intelligent materials with controlled wettability have caused widespread concern in various sewage applications. In this study, a smart pH-responsive polyaniline (PANI) coating has been synthesized in one step in aqueous media and coated on materials in common use, such as polyester mesh, cotton fabric, and sponge. The PANI coatings can switch their superwettability response to ambient pH and be used in continuous separation of oil–water–oil systems which are frequently found in actual oil leakage accidents. Moreover, bidirectional emulsion separation (water-in-oil and oil-in-water) can be realized on such a coating material. The coated sponge can be used as an oil adsorbent for invertible capture and release by changing pH. Based on excellent antifouling and recyclability, as well as the prominent chemical/mechanical stability, PANI coatings can be applied in actual oily wastewater treatment systems. It is anticipated that the coating materials will show promise in many applications because of the cost-effective and environmentally friendly aqueous media preparation procedure

    The linear relationship between <i>C</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> and <i>B</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>.

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    <p>The linear relationship between <i>C</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> and <i>B</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>.</p

    Maximum Entropy for the International Division of Labor - Fig 2

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    <p>(A) Rank curves of the products trade values for all of the countries coloured by their ascending ranks. The rank curve for products is descending order of its export value in a specific country. (B) Normalized ranked export share curves for all countries coloured by the country’s total export values. (C) The matrix plot of the international division of labor from the empirical data. The horizontal axis represents the ranks of countries sorted by their total export values <i>F</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>, and the vertical axis represents the ranks of products sorted by their ubiquity worldwide, which is at different scale from (A). The color in each entry represents the logarithmic trade shares </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>p</mi></p><p><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></p><mo>*</mo><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> from <i>i</i> to <i>j</i>. This figure reflects the overall structure of the international division of labor.<p></p

    KS statistics for all countries.

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    <p>The red curve represents the critical KS statistics threshold of given sample size. The points above the curve marked by red crosses correspond the countries who are not passing the KS-test.</p

    Relative entropies between the theoretical and the empirical results measured by the Kullback-Leibler Distance for all countries.

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    <p>Blue dots are the relative entropies for the Null model and the red hollow circles are those for the theoretical model. Insets show the outliers with very large errors (larger than 0.5).</p
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