Smoke forming the words ‘PLOS One’ and passing through some obstacles.

Smoke forming the words ‘PLOS One’ and passing through some obstacles.</p

Colliding vortex rings with different <i>δ</i> at frames 400.

Two regions of red and blue ink are initialized to show the motion of vortex rings. Left: δ = 0.4; middle: δ = 0.8; right: δ = 1.</p

Performance statistics of smoke simulations.

Performance statistics of smoke simulations.</p

S1 Video -

(MP4)</p

Smoke passing a static ball.

Smoke passing a static ball.</p

Comparison of the elimination ratio with different 2D obstacles.

Comparison of the elimination ratio with different 2D obstacles.</p

2D boundary treatment results.

The first row presents Kármán Vortex Street behind two discs; the second row displays vortex shedding behind an airfoil. Blue and red represent the vortex particles with negative and positive vorticity, respectively. Mineral blue represents the tracer particles.</p

Overview of our vortex method.

(TIF)</p

Moving object passing through smoke.

The first column is a translation ball. The second column is a bunny with translation and rotation.</p

Our boundary treatment method.

The gray point is the boundary sampling point; the orange point is the generated vortex particle; is the induced velocity of flow at the boundary sampling position.</p